Revizsky fairy tales

With 1718 for 1858 10 audits have been spent

One of the main sources for the genealogical researches, allowing to learn the necessary information on ancestors, are ревизские fairy tales - documents of nominal census податного the population of the Russian empire captured by audits XVIII - the middle of XIX centuries Vozniknovennie ревизских fairy tales as a special kind of historical sources, it is directly connected with the reform of the taxation begun in 1718 when the household taxation has been replaced подушным, i.e. taxes henceforth began to be collected with<души мужского пола>. Carrying out of reform has demanded the organisation подушного the population account. Autumn of 1718 the imperial decree was велено to collect<сказки> about quantity of souls in each settlement. From this point on originate ревизские fairy tales. The history of audits and history ревизских fairy tales as a kind of the historical sources so inseparably linked, what to separate them from each other is not meaningful. The Revizsky fairy tales issued in the form of the book or a writing-book, contain the data, allowing to judge a population, to its geographical placing, social and половозрастному to structure, a national and family condition, population shift questions. Генеалога data on structure of a family and related communications in it, and also dates of birth and death, the information on marriages, divorces and a birth of children first of all should interest.

Throughout XVIII - the middle of XIX century 10 audits (with 1719 for 1857 ) have been spent Each of which was stretched for some years, therefore <основной год>year in which it has been considered большее quantity of the population usually is accepted to a year of carrying out of audit by historians it<основной год>, i.e. At work with materials ревизского the account it is necessary to take into consideration that in audit it was considered податное the population, which structure throughout XVIII - XIX centuries constantly varied, also representation degree in ревизских fairy tales of all population of the country hence varied. So, 1st, and 6th audits considered 2nd only<души мужского пола>, the others - both man's, and female. As a rule, all categories податного the population (and them, according to the list prepared upon termination of 3 audits, was more than 100 names), traditionally united in larger groups of peasants (state, palace and privately owned), посадских people and merchants were subject to the account. Noblemen, clergy, retired soldiers and dragoons did not participate in all without an exception audits, and also field army and fleet structure. As to the social groups occupying<промежуточное> position between податными and exclusive estates here the state has gone by the way of their gradual clearing from подушной taxes: so, from the end of XVIII century merchants of 1st guild, government officials and разночинцы are not exposed to the account. Census unit was so-called<ревизская душа>, keeping the urgency as the tax bearer up to the following audit, despite possible change of the social status, a fence in recruits or death (this feature ревизского the account has laid down in a plot basis to move Н.  V.Gogol<Мёртвые души>). Complexities with sample and definition of categories of the population spoke also that audits were some kind of step on a way to allocation of these categories, instead of simply reflected already settled stratification of a society. The list has been prepared for the end of the third audit, квключающий more than 100 names of categories податного the population. Besides, it is necessary to consider that audits were spent not on all territory of the country: as a rule in documents ревизского the account the population of Poland, Transcaucasia and ясачных areas of Siberia is not reflected, only since 1781 the system of nation-wide audits has been extended to Ukraine. Audit as process consisted of several stages, on each of which возниклали special kinds of documents. Thus, ревизские fairy tales are primary materials of the audit which data at following stages are generalised and structured, and also are exposed to the further processing and careful check (from here, actually, and the census name-<ревизия>). Revizsky fairy tales moved in local authorities (volost boards, town halls, then municipal dumas) where were made перечневые sheets - the first stage of generalisation given ревизских fairy tales in scales of district, provinces and the provinces containing comparison of the data of current audit with already checked up data previous. At the moment of the full termination of audits general sheets were made, and from the fourth audit (1782 ) start to be made окладные books - the all-Russian summary materials of audit intended only for calculation податных of gathering (therefore in them there are no data on the female population and comparison to the previous audits). In manors ревизские fairy tales moved owners or their salesmen, in settlements of the state peasants - heads or other officials, in cities - representatives of town council.

Long time of the accurate data card ревизской fairy tales did not exist: during the two first audits males with age instructions were considered only; since the third audit the printing form of a fairy tale is entered, starts to be considered and the female population, increases quantity of the data which the fairy tale on each considered person necessarily should inform. Only from the seventh audit (1815 ) The data card develops definitively: new, more simple form of structurization of the data is entered, record starts to be conducted on families. From this point on ревизская the fairy tale comprises following clauses: the name (year, month, giving number, province, district, village, the owner of serf settlement if the fairy tale is given on landowner village), to the column with number of a family, figures of structure of a family<по последней ревизии>, number and structure<выбывших> and<прибывших> the persons who were temporarily absent, and a total<ныне налицо>. In summary there are signatures of responsible persons. In a fairy tale one family for another, on the left half of sheet - men, on the right woman registered.

Separately it is necessary to consider the problem on reliability of the data containing in ревизских fairy tales and other materials ревизского of the account of the population. It is quite natural that the state aspired to increase as much as possible quantity<душ>, taxable. As well as levels of population subject to the account (or their owners if it is a question of landowner peasants) have been interested in the return (especially it concerned the dissenters, obliged to pay the double tax). As a rule, serious distortions can contain in the information on a population, considered only for the account (for example, the female population) and not obliged to pay the tax. Nobody has been interested in the account of the given category of the population, therefore sometimes it was spent inconsistently and carelessly. Thus, the analysis ревизских fairy tales allows to gather the necessary information for genealogical research: Names, dates of birth and death, data on the social status and the marital status, and also a number of additional data on ancestors. For addition of the data given ревизскими by fairy tales, other documents church and administratively-policeman of the account of the population are frequently used. However in most cases ревизские fairy tales remain a unique and most informative, most significant source for genealogical researches on stories of country and merchant families XVIII - the middle of XIX century

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