2. A residence.

The attachment of the person to a certain residence had the state character and was fixed throughout XV - the beginnings of XX centuries of a certain sort by the documents containing the information on the person, necessary for the account of citizens for taxation by their taxes and taxes, and also in statistical and administrative-policemen the purposes.

 

2.1. Administrative-territorial division of Russia Xv-nach. XX centuries

City. First in ancient Russia as a city was called any strengthening built for the purpose of defence. The city was the centre round which separate settlements of volost were grouped. The city was surrounded посадами when посады entered into city line last became the Kremlin. The insignificant settlements surrounding a city, were called застеньями, neighbourhoods, охабнями, large villages.

In 1699 Peter I has undertaken a municipal government reorganisation. With that end in view in Moscow "the Burmistersky chamber" (subsequently renamed into a town hall) has been founded so-called. In cities - земские log huts. The Zemsky log huts established in cities, depended directly on the Moscow town hall and did not submit воеводе. A town hall and земские log huts have existed to 20th of XVIII century In 1720 instead of a town hall for management of cities of Russia the main city council (in Petersburg) is established, and then on separate cities in exchange земских log huts provincial, provincial and district city councils are entered.

By regulations of the main city council the structure of urban population, division of city dwellers into classes, their rights and duties was in detail certain. Petrovsky city councils after Peter's death have been cancelled, at Elizabeth Petrovne are restored and have existed before Catherine II reign.

In 1785 Catherine II had been published Gorodovoe position or "the Reading and writing on the rights and benefits of cities of the Russian empire", setting as the purpose: association of city dwellers of all estates having a constant  residence and owning the real estate in line of city settled way of life in uniform "a society town"; granting to elective bodies of this society of management of all branches of municipal economy. According to the Policeman position the city was an independent homing large administrative unit. Self-government institutions were such city establishments as the general municipal duma and a six-public thought. The problem of city self-management has been reached with acceptance of the Policeman of position of 1870 new bodies of city self-management - municipal dumas and the justices submitting to provincial presence on city affairs Are established.

Посад - in ancient Russia a commercial and industrial part of the city usually located out of a city wall; then the term has got value of suburb, suburb.

Volost - an administrative and territorial unit in Russia XI-XX centuries, a district part. In the Moscow state the term had two values: a country community and administrative district. By the end of XVI century volost as the ground community has remained only in northern territories of the Moscow state where there was no private landed property. In the centre the volost had administrative value. During Petrovsky time the volost was an administrative part of district and existed in this quality in different districts of Russia within all XVIII century In the end of XVIII century volost boards have been founded. On reform of landed property of the state peasants - the volost descent and volost boards submitted to chamber state имуществ. Since 1861 volost - unit of class country board. Since 1874 was in conducting district presence on country affairs, since 1889 - in conducting земских establishments. After February revolution of 1917 - Unit всесословного "self-management".

District - in ancient Russia: districts, group of the volosts adjoining a city. From the beginning of XVIII century district - a province component. Since 1775 became the lowest administrative unit with number of inhabitants of 20-30 thousand male. The Politsejsko-administrative power in district carried out исправник - the chief of district police.

Camp - an administrative and territorial unit, from the end of XV century - a district part. Police territorial unit in district has existed in Russia prior to the beginning of XX century Since 1837. The number of camps into which the district was divided, depended on a population in district, its territory and other local circumstances. Bezuezdnye cities, посады in which there were no special executive police establishments, submitted in the police relation to the local police police officer.

Country churchyard - rural податной district in ancient Russia or the main settlement of district. In XV century a country churchyard - a place where there was a church; settlement with church; the district belonging to this district in civil or church relations or only in the church. Country churchyards had, as a rule, compound names - one from church, another from the main settlement, sometimes the name joined this name on the river, lake, a city. On country churchyards the government kept account inhabitants of private state possession. The country churchyard represented a community operated the head. Official division of territory of Russia into country churchyards has stopped in 1775 In the end of XIX century in common sense had some values: rural arrival; some villages of one arrival; a church court yard or the place which has been fenced off at church, any cemetery (Yaroslavl, Oryol lips.), a cemetery with church, subsequently - a rural cemetery.

Province. In 1708 Peter I had been founded 8 provinces: Moscow, Ingermanlandsky (in 1710 it is renamed in St.-Petersburg), Arhangelogorodsky, Kiev, Smolensk, Kazan, Azov, Siberian. In 80th of XVIII century in Russia there were 40 provinces. In the end of XIX - нач. 79 provinces (including the Kingdom Polish, Grand duchy Finnish, Central Asia) were XX centuries in the Russian empire. Provinces shared on districts, occasionally on districts. In the chief of department governors stood provinces. The higher establishments in province - provincial board, state chamber; under the law of the end of XIX century provincial establishments admit: provincial statistical committee, provincial on земским and to city affairs of presence, податные presence, provincial administrative committee, provincial земские meetings, etc.

Area - in pre-revolutionary Russia the name of some administrative and territorial units corresponding to province. Were appropriated to again attached territories of some Cossack armies (Don, Kuban, Tersky, Transbaikalian, Ural, Seven-Rechensky, Amur). In 1914 was 18 areas which were a part of Priamursky, Steppe and Turkestani general governorships and Caucasian наместничества and 3 separate areas (area of an army Don, Ural, Tourist's Gajsky).

The province - during Petrovsky time an administrative and territorial unit in province in 1719-75 In 1719 territory of all of 11 provinces has been divided into provinces. In total 45 provinces were established. At the head of the major provinces there were governor generals, governors and vice-governors, at the head of the others - воеводы. Provinces are abolished in 1775 By the time of their liquidation was 66.

Village (village, сельцо, repairings). The village without church, but at least with one court yard of the land owner or economic constructions, in XVI century was called сельцом. The new settlements arising on for the first time lifted site, were called as repairings. When with an initial court yard in repairing there were one or others two, it became village. The village turned to a heathland if in it does not remain inhabited court yard and the arable land was thrown.

 

 

2.2. A city society XV - XVII centuries

City inhabitants from the beginning of XVI century concerned: the oldest, greater forward people - boyars, children seigniorial, noblemen, тысяцкие; ������� (огнищанин (from a word огнище - the centre, a court yard) - originally younger combatant of the Old Russian prince who were at the head of a princely economy; житьи people or everyday people - feudal land owners in the Novgorod earth; visitors and merchants;) black city people, smaller or молодшие the people who were called смердами. It were free city inhabitants.

After 1682 with regionalism destruction the new class of people - тяглые people, the free population from the service, paying taxes, natural taxes was formed. On distinction degree тягла the population was divided on посадских and district people or peasants.

Posadsky people - the commercial and industrial population living in посадах, arising mostly round cities. Existed and посады without cities and a city without посадов. Tjaglye people were attached to посадам. Sharp distinction between посадскими and district people did not exist. They have approached, when for посадов and districts the general has been entered окладная unit - тяглый a court yard. The Posadsky population did not represent uniform weight. Besides division into the best, average and молодших, from his environment visitors and trading people of a drawing room and cloth hundreds were allocated. Trading people received these ranks as compensation for difficult service in finance administration sphere.

District people or peasants made the second group тяглого the population. Depending on on what earth the peasant lodged, differed владельческие (вотчинниковые, landowner, monastic), palace and black тяглых volosts.

Not free population - lackeys. In XVII century full холопство it is replaced with a new kind - enslaving. XV century mentioned from the end Enslaving people - at first only the debtors working in a court yard of the creditor before payment of a debt. Decrees 1586 and have transformed 1597 enslaving people into lifelong lackeys of their creditors. From lackeys it was forbidden to accept payment of a debt and it was recommended to them to serve to death of misters. After reform 1679-80 the significant amount of enslaving people has merged with peasantry. Enslaving холопство has existed till 1718 Between the peasant and the enslaving lackey there was a distinction: the first paid тягло, and the second is not present.

Idle people - in Russian state in XVI-XVIII centuries the Category нетяглого the population. Idle people were the lackeys released on freedom; the servants which bondage under the law stopped with death of their misters. Peasants concerned idle people, посадские and служилые the people who were engaged in seasonal works also. In XVII century the population withdrawal on earnings was called to "walk", "to go in idlers", "to be babbling". Idle people of fluent peasants and посадские people often named. Peter I decree from June, 1st, 1722 resolved record of some of idle people in soldiers, the others followed write down in посады or in подушный the salary for those landowners for whom they worked.

 Ladles in Russia - a category of the feudal-dependent population XIV - Ladles were formed 1st half XIX centuries mainly from малоземельных peasants общинников, and also of the liberated lackeys and impoverished townspeople. They received the ground area and the loan for housekeeping, having concluded the contract with the land owner about "половье". In порядных reading and writing of ladles term половья, the size of the loan obtained by them, the size of duties, obligations to obey the land owner was fixed. In XVII century ladles remain in the north of Russia, in XVIII century in Velikoustjuzhsky and Vjatsky provinces, in XIX century ladles have been attached to тяглу, written down in подушный gathering on a residence and have merged with a lump черносошных peasants.

 

 

2.3. Population shift on territory of Russia XVI - the beginnings of XX centuries

Addressing to studying of the archival documents considering the population of Russia in a place of its constant residence, it is necessary to mean processes of movement of the population and its fastening in certain territories as a result of development of the new earths and переселенчества, XVI century which have begun with the end, and also political exiles.

Movement of Russian population in XVI - Has been directed 1st half XIX centuries mainly on the South and the country East. Development of Siberia and the Far East begins with the end of XVI century. In XVIII - landowner development of southern areas of Russia 1st half XIX century was carried out. Serfs moved landowners from the centre in these areas. Settling of Siberia was spent by the reference to these territories for political and antiserf performances, and also for criminal offences.

Processes переселенчества - movings mainly agricultural population in sparsely populated areas of Russia on the free earths it has been caused by agrarian crisis. Many areas of the country (Novorossija, the Bottom Volga region, Southern Priurale) were occupied as a result of "wild", officially unlawful resettlement.

Resettlement of the state peasants after 1843 had nation-wide character. For a settlement, where by calculation districts were appointed to soul in a steppe strip more than 15 десятин, in not steppe - more than 8. In the beginning immigrants went to the Voronezh, Kharkov, Tambov provinces, then in Saratov, Orenburg, Astrakhan and to the North Caucasus, in 50th of XIX century - in Tobolsk. Tomsk and Yenisei provinces. In June, 1889 the Reselenchesky law has been passed. Under this law resettlement was supposed only from the preliminary permission of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and state имуществ. In 1906-1917 when the agrarian policy was spent столыпинская, the government meaningly encouraged resettlement landless and малоземельных peasants on state suburbs to smooth a problem малоземелья in the centre.

Special category of the population of Russia of the end XVIII - XIX centuries existing on the isolated position and differing from other Russian rural and city inhabitants both the nationality, and legal norms of a life, were foreign colonists.

Mass resettlement of foreign colonists to Russia has begun after the edition of the Highest manifestos of Empress Catherine II from December, 4th, 1762 and on June, 22nd, 1763 [1] which have resolved settling by the German colonists empty then edges along the river of Volga of the Saratov province. Foreign immigrants were invited for agriculture and craft activity in a countryside. It granted the big rights and privileges: - settlement in special colonies with own local government; - guardianship and the help of the Russian state, the loan for journey and economic acquisition, investment with the earth; - religious freedom and the right to build the churches and chapels; - clearing of military and civil service; - clearing for 30 years from payments in treasury, dismissal from military постоя; - unobstructed departure back abroad.

In 1766-1767 to Russia has arrived over 21,000 foreign colonists who basically were natives of the German earths, and a part - Swisses. All these foreigners have been settled in 102 Saratov provinces new got colonies, and also in separate settlements nearby S.-Peterburga and some other places in Russian provinces. Among the first colonists about third there were Catholics, the others - Protestants (Lutherans-evangelists and реформаты).

Reckoning in a rank of the colonist was made individually, in strictly documentary order. Candidates from among the enlisted abroad and independently arriving foreigners enlisted abroad should correspond to the future position (to know agriculture or craft) and to give obligations to Russian government on fidelity and obedience. For заведывания by all affairs on the higher management of colonists the Office (subsequently - Office) Guardianship Foreign, first headed by count Orlovym has been created.

In 1803 and 1804 Emperor Alexander I has published the new manifestos again inviting foreigners to move on the new Russian earths - on the territories which have departed from Turkey along Black sea, in Novorossisk edge. The new wave of immigrants (besides Germans, Frenchmen and Swisses, and also меннонитов from Holland and Prussia) has based numerous colonies in Bessarabia, round Odessa and further near to coast of Black sea and in the heart of steppes in the Kherson and Ekaterinoslavsky provinces (in areas of modern Kherson, Nikolaev, Zaporozhye, Dnepropetrovsk, Mariupol), and also in Crimea, on the North Caucasus and in Georgia. A great bulk of colonists of the beginning of a XIX-th century - Protestants (Lutherans, реформаты, меннониты, baptists-evangelists), but were also separate Catholic colonies. In the south of Russia the Bulgarian (orthodox) colonists, immigrants from Zadunajsky areas and Jews - natives of the Western provinces of Russia who also settled in quality of colonists-farmers settled also. C the middle of XIX century small groups of German colonists settled in the Volynsk and Samara provinces, and also in some other areas.

In 1800 for management of Novorossisk foreign colonies the Office of guardianship of Novorossisk foreign settlers which in 1801, has been renamed in Popechitelnyj committee of Novorossisk foreign settlers has been created in Ekaterinoslave. In 1818 in connection with increase in quantity of foreign settlers in the south of Russia for management Novorossisk and бессарабскими colonies had been formed Popechitelnyj committee about foreign settlers of southern edge of Russia. Местопребываниями committee there were cities: with 1818 on 1820 - Ekaterinoslav; with 1820 on 1833 - Kishinev; with 1833 on 1871 - Odessa. The popechitelnyj committee about foreign settlers of southern edge of Russia knew questions of settling of the south of Russia foreign settlers, management of all foreign colonies. To it were подведомственны offices of foreign settlers in Ekaterinoslave, Kishinev, Odessa. Popechitelnyj committee about foreign settlers of southern edge of Russia till 1837 Was under the authority of the Ministries of Internal Affairs (Ministry of Internal Affairs); with 1837 on 1871 - under the authority of the Ministry State имуществ. It is abolished in 1871 of Function of committee were are transferred local administrative managements.

In 1871 II colonists of the official have been equal by decrees of Emperor Alexander to poseljanam-proprietors and all their former privileges were abolished; in office-work and at schools obligatory Russian has been entered; and also introduction in 1874 of the law on a general compulsory military service have served as the emigration reason in 1880 - 1900th years of enough considerable part of the former colonists abroad, basically on the new earths to the North America.

To the XX-th century beginning in the Russian empire was about 1 million foreign natives which and after their formal cancellation колонистского ranks continued the isolated life in the rural communities. According to 1897, 76 % of Germans-colonists in Russia were Lutherans, 13 % - Catholics, 11 % - various Protestants (меннониты, baptists, etc.). Most dynamic personalities from their number from the very beginning of colonisation settled in cities, passed in other estates, arrived on public service, became managers and scientists. As a whole foreign natives-colonists have left a considerable trace in Russian history and culture.

The reference political in Russia - compulsory removal of the persons accused of political crimes, on court or administratively in the remote district for certain term or is termless on settlement or on penal servitude. Places of references in XVI-XVII centuries were in the European Russia: Пинега, Pustozersk, Ustyug, Arkhangelsk, etc., is more rare - Siberia. Mass character the reference has got the 1753-54 which have replaced the death penalty on eternal penal servitude after the decrees. In 1760 landowners have acquired the right without court to banish serfs in Siberia on life, in 1765 - on penal servitude. After 1822 in each province (area) of Siberia management of exiled was in expedition conducting about exiled of provincial or regional boards. About the reference the ministries were engaged in affairs: internal affairs, the finance, state имуществ, Committee of ministers, the State Council. The general supervision of exiled was carried out by the Third branch, in 1879 In addition for these purposes the Main prison branch has been created.

 

 

2.4. The characteristic of archival sources of the genealogical information on a residence.

The structure of the population of Russia and its movement on state territory was registered by means of record in any the state documents. It is natural that throughout the long historical period they have undergone the evolution, one left in the remote past, on change by it others came. The part of these documents has remained in archives and contains the valuable genealogical information. Following complexes of documents concern archival sources such:

Any books containing data according to population XV-XVIII centuries (писцовые, переписные, перечневые, etc.);

Documents ревизского the account - ревизские fairy tales with 1718 for 1856 (with 1 on 10 audits);

Documents of the administrative account of the population XVIII - the beginnings of XX century (policemen (city) narrow-minded books, house registers, registration books for record of peasants of village, etc.);

Documents of the police account of the population XVII - the beginnings of XX centuries (travellers of the reading and writing, roadside sheets, passports, residence permits, books of record of passports, etc.);

Documents of the police account of foreigners (passing the reading and writing, roadside, a kind for departure, the sheet about the foreigners who have accepted Russian citizenship, the book for record of the foreigners become a citizen of Russia and excluded from it);

Documents of the church account (исповедные books, lists, etc.);

Supervision and investigation documents (the questionnaire politically unreliable, sheets about the persons consisting under the supervision of police, the book of record of the persons consisting under the supervision of police, etc.);

Documents on population resettlement (lists of immigrants, a kind through passage, the application (the petition for resettlement), books of a settlement, etc.).

 

2.4.1. The books containing data according to population XV-XVIII centuries

Pistsovye books. Were made in Russia from the end of XV century since formation of the Russian centralised state. On a basis писцовых books tax taxation was made. From the end of XV century nation-wide population censuses and ground grounds have started to be spent. During census carrying out special copyists were engaged in measurement and межеванием ground grounds, check of the rights to possession of the earth, analysis of actions of proceeding about disputable territories. Pistsovye books represent detailed descriptions of cities, villages and other settlements. In the book contained: transfer of names of landowners and вотчинников described settlement; transfer of villages, villages and починков district with instructions to whom what village, the village belongs, how many and what court yard in them; data on the commercial and industrial enterprises, the earth and other grounds.

Patrol books. Contain amendments and additions to писцовым to books. Were created after drawing up писцовых books on certain settlement, grew out of the made inventory (patrol) of a city, village, district etc.

Perepisnye books. The hand-written books containing summary data on quantity of the population of Russia XVII-XVIII centuries They have appeared in the middle of XVII century owing to transition from the general economic descriptions to the household. In XVII - the beginning of XVIII centuries they were made as at carrying out of total censuses тяглого the population (1646-48, 1676-78, 1710 and 1716), and private population censuses of separate areas or categories (for example, palace peasants). Perepisnye books of 20th and 40th of XVIII century reflect results подушной censuses. Drawing up of books of 1646 served as means for fastening of peasants to their owners and to give

Data for carrying out of investigations fluent. At the description тяглого a court yard in переписных books of XVII century all man's population without dependence from its age and the relation to тяглу was brought. Perepisnye books of XVIII century contain the data and about the female population of court yard. In books related relations of the population which in писцовые books usually were not brought are specified. Perepisnye books contain data on population movement, including on flight.

Perechnevye books (household) - a version переписных books in which in detail all quantity of the earth which are in possession of the certain person was listed. In books males and any payments for each separate persons were specified.

Pripravochnye books - represent lists (copies) of summary documents (писцовых, patrol, etc. books). Were made on area which should be described and stood out to copyists. At drawing up of new descriptions were used as the sample. The difference given приправочных books and the valid position in description area formed the basis for change податного taxation. Operated in XVI-XVII centuries

Сотницы - выписи from писцовых books. Stood out during the description to separate land owners or corporations and certified their rights to the earth and to peasants sitting on it.

 Mezhevye books. In books the description межей various land possession is resulted. Along with transfer of land owners in them the detailed description межевых the signs separating from each other settlements, villages and heathlands was given. Existed переписные межевые the books combining given censuses and межевание. Other versions межевых books: межевые by-pass, межевые отказные, межевые separate, comprising certificates of delimitation of the earth together with the certificate of their tap, refusal or branch.

Obezzhie books - were made объезжими by heads in large Russian cities XVI-XVII centuries Each book describes the small site of a city charged to supervision of a head (court yard and benches, are listed десятские, watchmen, the total of court yard is underlined).

Svoznye books. Were made in Russia XVII century at carrying out своза fluent peasants. After Cathedral уложения the special commissions on свозу peasants in various areas of the country (they were called as detective, and their activity by investigation) 1649 operated. In свозной to the book contain: поименный the list of fluent peasants and members of their families on years; data about тягле what was born by this or that peasant before the runaway; the data of preliminary investigation about time of runaway and a site is in hiding; results of activity "свозчиков". Earliest Svoznaja the book to a monastery Trinity-sergieva (1603-1614) is known.

Otdatochnye books - mandative documents of 2nd half XVII century in which returning ("return") by the governmental agents of fluent peasants to their former owners was registered. Legislative grounds usually consist of the introduction defining an occasion, organizers of investigation ("detectives") and подневных records about return of peasants.

 

 

2.4.2. The Revizsky account of the population (1718-1858), population census.

In XVIII - 1st half XIX centuries the basic form of the account податного and a considerable part неподатного the population of Russia was ревизский the account.

Revizsky fairy tale - the document on which basis collection подушной taxes in Russia XVIII-XIX In ревизской to a fairy tale was made centuries data on one person or a number of persons making one family contained. On the basis of each submitted fairy tale during audit were made summary ревизские the fairy tales containing total data of separate fairy tales on settlements, volosts, camps and districts. In them all members of families or the separate persons living in certain territory were consistently listed. Revizsky fairy tales, as a rule, were made and moved in manors - landowners or their salesmen, in settlements of the state peasants - heads and other officials who are responsible for timely carrying out of audits, in cities - representatives of a municipal government.

Audits in XVIII-XIX centuries were called censuses податного the population which are subject to stuffy taxation and a compulsory military service. At Peter I all population has been divided on податное and неподатное. From taxes hereditary and personal noblemen, clergy were free (clearing extended only on the persons occupying permanent appointments and their children), all persons consisting on public service, court attendants, physicians, brokers, the persons who have received scientific degrees, merchants, honourable citizens, "обельные вотчинники" in Olonetsky province, коробовские белопашцы in Kostroma province.

To податным all rural inhabitants and till 1863 petty bourgeoises, shop and working in cities belonged to estates. Unit подушного taxation was ревизская the soul. At own will to податному to estate persons to whom the right to arrive on service was given were ranked or to select a life sort (children of officials, причетников). In structure податного estates were subject to obligatory inclusion the persons passed on audit, come back of runaways; persons at whom has expired term of a privilege of clearing from подушной taxes; the persons who have come back in податное estate (for example, the monks who have left the dignity).

With 1718 for 1858 10 audits have been spent:

1 - 1718-1727 6 - 1811

2 - 1743-1747 7 - 1815

3 - 1761-1767 8 - 1833

4 - 1781-1782 9 - 1850

5 - 1794-1795 10 - 1851-1858

Revizsky fairy tales allow to establish following data: a class accessory of the person submitting a fairy tale; age, a surname, a name, a patronymic and the birthplace; a permanent address; presence of children man's and female (except 1-2 and 6 audits) with instructions of time and a place of their birth; relatives and "работных people" with instructions of surnames, names, age and a class accessory; the sizes of the taxes paid to treasury; a property status submitting a fairy tale (not always); in some cases on 1-5 audits - a nationality; on 1 audit - physical defects it ("is crippled, blind").

From 3 audits the uniform printing form ревизской the fairy tales, existed practically without changes to 10 audits is entered.

Since 3 audits, data on all persons were brought in fairy tales man's female (a surname, a name, a patronymic, age, a class accessory, a residence). Data on a speciality are brought In the data card of a fairy tale of 7 audits for some categories of the population; data on a female are allocated and have made the right part of a fairy tale.

Perepisnye sheets of the first general population census of 1897

The first copies переписных sheets went in Main переписную the commission (РГИА), second copies remained in provincial земских justices, and the third - in volost boards.

The data card of the form full переписного sheet consisted of 14 columns:

1. A surname (nickname), a name, a patronymic or names if it is some of them. A mark about those who will appear: blind on both eyes, mute, deaf-and-dumb or mad.

2. A floor.

3. As written down it is necessary the head of an economy and the head of the family.

4. How many минуло years or months from a sort.

5. It is single, married, widows or it is dissolved.

6. Estate, a condition or a rank.

7. Whether was born HERE, and if not here, where exactly? (Province, district, a city).

8. Whether it is attributed HERE, and if not here, where exactly? (For the persons obliged припискою).

9. Where ordinary lives: whether here, and if not here, where exactly? (Province, district, a city).

10. A mark about absence, absence and about time here stay.

11. Creed.

12. A native language.

13. Literacy: whether is able to read? Where it is trained, trained or has ended a formation course?

14. Employment, craft, a craft, a post or service: the main thing, i.e. what delivers the main means for existence; б1) collateral or auxiliary; б2) position on a compulsory military service.

At filling переписного sheet to the first always specified the owner, degree of relationship of all other members, families in relation to it: the wife, sons, daughters (or children on a seniority), husbands and wives of children, grandsons, the aged father and mother, brothers, sisters, nephews, дядья, aunts etc. For снох, grandsons and nephews were available additional отсылочные instructions on intrafamily relationship: wife N2, the son or daughter N3.

2.4.3. Documents of the administrative account of the population XVIII - the beginnings of XX century

Городовая (city) narrow-minded book. City inhabitants according to "to the Reading and writing on the rights and exits of cities of the Russian empire" from April, 25th, 1785 were understood as all those who constantly there lived and had in a city the immovable property. Each city inhabitant registered in alphabetic order in the city narrow-minded book. In it were specified: a surname, a name, a patronymic, a rank, a rank, estate; the marital status - a name, a patronymic of the wife; children - a floor, names; a residence, service, a craft. The book consisted of six parts.

Data was brought in the first part about "the present policemen inhabitants" - those who owned the real estate in city boundaries irrespective of their class position.

In the second part - merchants of three guilds; record in guild has been allowed by everything which have declared the capital, irrespective of an origin or former employment.

In the third part - all registered in цехи (shop handicraftsmen) - masters, journeymen, pupils of various crafts.

In the fourth part - nonresident inhabitants and the foreign visitors attributed to cities for petty-bourgeois employment and works on different crafts.

In the fifth part - the eminent citizens distributed on seven categories: serving at elections in the city posts, received a rank sedate and again occupied certain posts; scientific, having academic and university certificates; artists, architects, painters, sculptors, the composers having the academic certificates; the capitalists who have declared the capital from 50 and more thousand, the bankers who have declared the capital from 100 to 200 thousand; wholesale dealers; кораблехозяева.

In the sixth part - посадские (old residents) of a city who are engaged in crafts, needlework and not belonging to one of previous categories.

On January, 1st, 1807 for merchant class the new rank первостатейных merchants has been established. The rank of eminent citizens existing earlier has been cancelled for merchant class and left for scientists and artists.

In 1832 ranks первостатейных merchants and eminent citizens have disappeared. The new estate of honourable citizens divided into personal and hereditary citizenship is established.

In 1846 new position about public management (Petersburg) has been published. The persons who are a part of a city society, were divided into five categories: the hereditary noblemen owning in capitals the immovable property; personal noblemen, honourable citizens and разночинцы (scientists, artists, actors and other persons who did not have neither personal nobility, nor honourable citizenship, but the equal rights having with them), owning such property; merchants of all three guilds; capital petty bourgeoises (not written down in цехи); capital handicraftsmen or the petty bourgeoises who have been written down in цехи for unlimited time. The nonresident persons who are engaged in capital in trade, crafts, crafts have been ranked as a city society.

The book house. It was made in each of police parts of a city by private police officers. Contained following data: a surname, a name, a patronymic, a rank, a rank, a residence, family structure.

The registration book for record of peasants of village. It was made in volost board since 90th of XVIII century Contained data on peasants of each village: a surname, a name, a patronymic, a rank, an occupation, the marital status, a date of birth, the birthplace, death date, formation.

The book about section of peasants. It was made in volost board on the basis of petitions of the country families, wishing to be divided. Contained data: surnames, names, patronymics of members of the divided families, surnames, names of relatives, instructions on a residence.

Lists attributed to factory (to factory.) peasants. Were presumably made since 1721 when manufacturers and factory owners not an origin of noble family have acquired the right to get serf people with that condition that peasants were registered at factories and factories. In lists the following data about peasants was specified: a surname, a name, a patronymic, age, a residence, relationship degree.

Lists of inhabited cases at factory (factory). In them workers living there were by name listed, their class accessory, age, a residence, the marital status, the working experience and the salary was specified. Were made in offices of owners of factories and factories.

Sheets of petty-bourgeois justices about the petty bourgeoises belonging to split. Were made presumably from the middle of 40th of XIX century Contained the following data: a surname, a name, a patronymic, age, a residence, the relatives, what sect when became in split.

The sheet about the    Jew who has arrived on a residence . It was made in district police administration and went to provincial board. Contained the information: a surname, a name, a patronymic, a rank, age, data on the nurse, children if they were at it, formation, a scientific degree.

The list    of the Jews who have arrived on a residence . It was represented on the basis of the instruction from 8/17/1893 to provincial board from district исправника. Contained the following information: a name, a surname, a rank, age, an occupation, data on a family, an occupation of members of a family, a property status.

The alphabetic book for record of Jews contained the information: a surname, a name, a patronymic, a class accessory, a residence. There were books and with more detailed information: a surname, a name, a patronymic, family structure, age, a residence, data on movings.

The alphabetic book for record of dissenters contained the information: a surname, a name, a patronymic, a class accessory, a residence.

The alphabet of inhabitants contained the information: a surname, a name, a patronymic, a class accessory, age, a residence, family structure, an occupation.

The list of inhabitants of district contained the information: a surname, a name, a patronymic, a class accessory, a rank.

 

2.4.4. Documents of the police account of the end XVII - the beginnings of XX centuries

Passing the reading and writing. Into the general rule have been entered by Peter I under the decree from October, 30th, 1719 in connection with introduction подушной taxes and рекрутской duties. The beginning of use of travellers of reading and writing for movement in the country was necessary in the Time of Troubles. Contained data on the person (ah), (their) its names, surnames, whence has left () where goes (ются), a residence, the characteristic (their) its kind of activity, sometimes data on the father.

The passport - the document with which help the identity of persons leaving from a permanent address, and also foreigners was proved. In it the surname, a name, a patronymic, an occupation, age, creed, a residence, a class accessory, signs of the person, and also a place of departure (travel), its duration and the purpose were designated. Since 1763 the passport had fiscal value as means for gathering of passport duties. Since April, 1897 the law destroyed fiscal value of the passport, it has kept functions policemen and податные.

In 1903 the Charter about passports "[2] on which all living on I sweep a constant residence has been published", were not obliged to have the passport. As a constant residence it was understood: for noblemen, merchants, officials, honourable citizens and разночинцев - a place where they had real estate or house acquisition, or have been occupied on service; for petty bourgeoises and handicraftsmen - a city or a place where they have been ranked as a petty-bourgeois or craft society; for peasants - a rural society or volost to which they have been attributed. At factories, factories, manufactories and mountain crafts on which action of rules about supervision of institutions of the factory industry all workers extended have been obliged to have passports, even in cases when the enterprise was in a permanent address of these workers.

It was not necessary to receive passports when people left from a constant residence within the district or for it, but not further than on 50 versts and for the term of no more half a year. Also it was possible to be employed for rural works without restriction of term of absence and not to receive the passport, it was necessary if to work in the volosts next to the district.

In other cases at change of a permanent address you were given passports: termless - to doing not serve noblemen; dismissed from public service; to reserve officers; to honourable citizens; to merchants and разночинцам; five years' - to petty bourgeoises, handicraftsmen and rural inhabitants. If behind the last shortages on public, state were registered, земским or to wordly gathering, passports stood out only with the consent of societies to which they have been attributed. However and in these cases handicraftsmen, petty bourgeoises and rural inhabitants could receive the passport for the term up to one year, but renew it could only with the consent of a society.

Males to 17-year-old age, not consisting on public service, and a female to 21-year-old age could receive independent passports only with the consent of the parents and trustees in which passports they have been brought. Married women received passports only for what husbands were in unknown absence, in jails, the reference or suffered insanity.

To members of country families, including full age, passports stood out and renewed only with the consent of the owner of a country court yard. Without its consent of the passport could be given out only under the order земского or the country chief or other high-ranking officials. Pupils of educational institutions instead of passports the special free certificate was granted. Sent for a passport beggary stood out not earlier than two years after dispatch time.

Served time in ispravitelno-prisoner branches, prisons and fortresses according to Ulozheniem about punishments were given under special supervision of police. To these persons of the passport stood out with the permission of police, and in passports the mark about a previous conviction of their owners became.

To not serving noblemen, the persons dismissed from public service, to officer ranks and officials of a stock, honourable citizens, merchants and разночинцам stood out police administrations, in capitals - local police officers - permanent passports.

To the persons consisting on public service, clergy of all creeds, except Catholic, passports stood out in a place of service or from the spiritual authorities.

Petty bourgeoises, handicraftsmen and rural inhabitants received from petty-bourgeois and craft justices through volost foremen of the passport for 5 years with the consent of a society, 1 year, 6 months, 3 months without its consent. Passports stood out in accordance with general practice to dissenters of all sects, except скопцов. The account of dissenters was made by private police officers.

The residence permit   existed along with passports and stood out in places of constant residing to the head of the family, on a country court yard. In 1894 position about residence permits was accepted. In residence permit were brought the wife of the addressee and sons and male relatives, adopted children and 18 years sponsored before achievement, daughters to 21 years, persons of old age or those who on a state of health could not do without assistance could be brought. The males who have not reached 17-year-old age, female, not reached 21 years, could receive separate residence permits only at the desire of parents. In this case the leave pass in which were formulated the purpose was made out  , for example, about holiday for theatrical activity under the contract, were specified: a surname, a name, a patronymic of the released person, an age, sex, a residence, the characteristic of the person, data on parents: a surname, a name, a class accessory, a rank, a post.

Under the law of 1897 under the order of the governor, the town governor or ober-politsmejstera the separate residence permit could be given out the wife of the person who are in unknown absence or suffering insanity, or for other reasons. To not separated members of country families, even full age, the separate residence permit could be given out only with the consent of the owner of a country court yard or under the order земского the heads (the world intermediary).

In 1844 полицмейстерам it was specified to get books (like metric) in old believe churches and to give out birth certificates and death. Nominal lists (about born and died) should be represented to ober-politsmejsteru. Supervision of records was made by private police officers who signed metric records. Along with these dissenters certificates (a surname, a name, a patronymic, a residence, the relatives living with it) under quarter house registers (it is probable, instead of residence permit) were granted.

In 1918 the passport system was applied by the Soviet power against not working population. In civil war the work record card in connection with introduction of a labour duty has been entered общегражданская.

The passport foreign. Trips abroad in pre-Pertine Russia have been complicated by that through frontier posts of separate territories nobody could pass without проезжей reading and writing local воеводы. At Peter I trips abroad for ученья became norm. Pavel I abroad has prohibited trips of young men with a view of protection from revolutionary ideas. Under the law on February, 18th, 1831 at Nikolay I young men from 10 till 18 years have been obliged to live in Russia. If this condition was broken, they lost the right of receipt to public service. Passports for travel abroad stood out the main chiefs of edge: governors, town governors after the police certified reliability of the person. The police certificate could be replaced with the guarantee of reliable persons. The Russian citizen authorised stay for border within 5 years, to Russian

To the merchants trading in the east - 7 years. In the passport the following data about the person contained: a surname, a name, a patronymic, age, creed, employment, a residence, signs of the person, the purpose and a travel place.

The application on delivery of separate  residence permit . Moved addressed to the governor general, the town governor, ober-politsmejstera. In them the reason on which the separate residence permit (divorce, death of the husband, a serious illness of the husband, etc.), a surname, a name, a patronymic of the husband and the wife, a residence was necessary was informed.

The passport book. It was made by private police officers, on peasants - in volost boards. In them following data contained: a surname, a name, a patronymic, a rank, age, creed, the marital status - family structure. There are also other variants of passport books where such data is specified: house number, a surname, a name, a patronymic, a rank, whence has arrived, when the passport is given, in whose house lives, a kind on trade, craft, when and where has decreased.

Books of record (account) of passports were got in places of delivery of passports: in a place of service of the persons consisting on public service, clergy - spiritual establishments, police administrations, petty-bourgeois and craft justices etc. In them following data on the person who has received the passport could register: a surname, a name, a patronymic, age, a class accessory, a rank, the marital status, signs, (residence).

The certificate (certificate) on holiday on will of serf people. Contained following data: document date, an event place, a surname, a name, age, the description (growth, hair, eyebrows, eyes etc.), data on the wife if liberated it was married: the surname, a name, age, the description of the wife, were specified further data on the person who posessed earlier serf people: a surname, a name, a patronymic, a class accessory, a rank, sometimes relationship degree.

For example: "Avdotya Petrov Kornilova, 27 years, the maiden, growth: 2 arshins 3 vershoks, hair and eyebrows fair-haired, eyes желтосерые, a nose average, a mouth about a chin ordinary, the person pure, the former serf of the Nizhniy Novgorod province, Gorbatovsky district, village Nov of the ober-chamberlain of count Nikolay Petrovicha Sheremetev. Date of event 07.04.1844, a place - S.-Peterburg [3].

 

2.4.5. Documents of the police account of foreigners.

Passing the reading and writing (the traveller sheet). In Russia already in the Moscow state arrival of foreigners was impossible without the permission of the higher government. Boundary воеводы could pass the foreigner in state limits only on travellers to reading and writing. In them it was recommended boundary воеводам to pass the foreigner, the arrival place, a nationality, a surname, a name, the arrival purpose was specified.

The roadside. Had the same value, as well as passing the reading and writing. Stood out on journey of foreigners to Russia on a residence the higher officials (for example: Roadside, given out курфюрстом to the Brandenburg 2nd engineers and 4th fire masters on their journey to Russia). In the document names and surnames of foreigners, family structure if they left with a family, a rank, a rank, destination, the trip purpose were specified. After the arrival to Moscow

Foreigners interrogated in the Ambassadorial order, were made out "распроссные speeches" in which the foreigner informed the birthplace, a residence, data about

The father: the residence, than is engaged; data on formation, promotion and last place of service. "Rasprossnye of speech" subscribed the interrogated person. For example: "George Ernest has told, hundred its father and it comes from the Brandenburg earths, and he was born, George, in the capital city Berlin, and its father in the Brandenburg earth in the city of Frankfurt (...), and it, George, studied in the engineering science (...) at the mathematician of outdoor Lagefelta, year, yes in the city of Dinborne in academy..." [4] etc.

Kind for departure (on free journey to... (Destination) foreigners). Stood out foreign branch at the military governor. Contained the information: a surname, a name, citizenship, an occupation, age, signs (growth, eyebrows, eyes, a nose etc.).

The sheet about the foreigners who have accepted Russian citizenship. It was made monthly in provincial boards, were reduced for a year and were represented annually in е.и.в. Office. Contained the following data: a surname, a name, a patronymic, the marital status, data on children (their names), a rank as what it is ranked to estate.

The book for record of the foreigners become a citizen of Russia and excluded from citizenship of Russia. It was made annually and contained the following information: a surname, a name, a patronymic, the marital status, data on children, a rank, a service place.

The questionnaire (data on the arrived and left foreigners) was made in days of 1st world war 1914-1917 in police administrations and contained the information: a surname, a name, a patronymic, creed, a nationality, structure of a family, data on a property status, a residence, citizenship.

Lists of subject powers at war with Russia. Contained the data basically about the Austrian and German citizens: a surname, a name, age, family structure where have left. Were made in police administrations in days of 1st world war.

 

2.4.6. Documents of the church account.

Lists concern such documents, a writing-book, the sheets considering монашествующих both novices in monasteries and deserts, any certificates and выписи to persons иноверного confessions исповедные books.

The first instruction about conducting исповедных lists (sheets) concerns to 1697 [5], their form was originally most simple: everyone причт has been obliged to conduct at itself(himself) three nominal lists: in the first, all parishioners who were at a confession were brought in the second - not were, in the third - dissenters.

The form исповедных sheets (remained till the end of their existence almost invariable) was defined by the decree 1737 [6]

The Lent was primary time of a confession. That who had not time to confess during the Lent, it was authorised to make it during any other time. As a rule, it were Peter and Pavel's posts, Uspensky and Christmas.

The data card исповедных lists was the following: in the first column the serial number of houses or court yard, in the second - number in them people, separately men and women was designated. If a family was full the surname registered once for all members more often; for spouses the name and a patronymic, and for their children - only a name were filled out. If one of spouses has already died, concerning survived the widowhood (it allowed to check the fact of death in the absence of record in the register of births) was shown, separately for men and for women the quantity of years for the given year of each member of a family further was shown. In lists brought names of all children is more senior year, but thus in the column about a confession the priest put a crossed out section.

Other columns of the genealogical information did not contain, and confessions concerned only.

Ispovednuju list signed not only the prior of a temple, but also weigh it причт. Officially исповедные lists have stopped the existence in 1917, but in separate temples priests continued their messages, therefore in funds of churches, spiritual boards, diocesan managements and spiritual consistories have remained исповедные lists for later period.

 

2.4.7. Supervision and investigation documents.

The questionnaire  politically unreliable. Mass character has got the document from the end of 40th of XIX century Contained the following information: a surname, a name, a patronymic, a rank, a date of birth, a residence of the unreliable person and its relatives. It was made in police administrations, it was represented to governor generals.

The alphabet to persons (for a year). The book was conducted by private police officers of each part of a city. Consisted of 4 parts. In the first data on persons "it is forbidden to them to live in both capitals" were brought: a surname, a name, a patronymic, a class accessory, a rank, a rank, citizenship. In the second data about living "five-class persons" were brought: a surname, a name, a patronymic, data on the wife, data on children, a rank, office position, a residence where has left. In the third data on the persons searched under orders and circulars ober-politsmejstera, and also on the persons sent from a city were brought: a surname, a name, a patronymic, a rank, the purpose of search, a sign. In the fourth part data on Jews were brought: a surname, a name, a rank, data on a family, what guild a merchant and what shop

The master or a journeyman where lives (house) when has arrived.

The sheet about consisting  under the supervision of police. It was made weekly district исправниками and moved to the governor general. Contained the following information: a surname, a name, a patronymic, a rank, a class accessory (for foreigners - citizenship), a residence, an occupation, data on relatives.

The sheet about the persons consisting  under the supervision of police (городовая). It was represented to governor generals. Contained the information: the name, a surname, a rank, a rank, the birthplace, age, an occupation, a residence, the marital status if has died - was informed where and when.

The book on a note of the persons consisting  under the supervision of police on ... To a camp... Provinces. Went to provincial board from district police administrations. It was made annually. Contained following data: a surname, a name, a patronymic, a rank, a rank, the birthplace, age, a residence, the marital status, data on children.

The book of record of the persons who are under the supervision of police. It was made by private police officers. Contained data: a surname, a name, a patronymic, a rank, a rank, what province the native, age, an occupation, data on a family where has left (where has died and when).

The statejnyj list contained data: a surname, a name, a patronymic, a date of birth, age, creed, a nationality, a residence, the marital status, relationship degree, estate, formation, a finding under court, data on health.

This document was made on sentenced to to the exile and a hard labour. Some variants статейный lists which differ on information structure have remained. In later of them on drawing up time there are photos of prisoners. Most full this kind of the document is presented in funds of offices of governors and provincial boards.

The Ministry of Internal Affairs dispatched lists А1, А2, Б1, Б2, In, Г, Д, Е and searched persons and 150 copies of search cards:

List А1: sotsial-revolutionaries, extremists and anarchists. Are subject to an immediate search and arrest;

А2: all the others - too;

Б1 - A supervision and supervision establishment;

ааааааа Б2 - the foreigners sent abroad irrevocably;

In - data for an identification and an establishment of the person;

Г - data on the persons which search is subject to the termination;

Д - data on the stolen documents, the found things;

Е - about the stolen and lost weapon;

- papers, the jewelry, different property.

Data on the person.

The rank, year, month, number and the birthplace, creed, trade and last place of service is detailed;

The rank, name, patronymic and surname of the father and mother (also its maiden name), whether are in and where live. If searched - illegitimate or adopted - it is marked especially;

Brothers, sisters and other known relatives and where they live;

Signs;

Whether there is a picture and whether was exposed to anthopometrical measurement or dactyloscopic research, where and

When;

Last residence and criminal speciality or accessory to party, for example, the sotsial-revolutionary, the anarchist, бундист, etc. and if has disappeared from under supervision, from a place of dispatch or ran from a jail, whence, when and under what circumstances;

By what gendarme management or legal agency or the official and where exactly it is involved or under what decision will subject to dispatch or supervision;

That it is necessary to make and whom exactly to notify on розыскании;

N Department office-works, business and year;

In what or under what articles it is accused, where exactly, for what term and on what conditions.

The open sheet contained: a surname, a name, a patronymic, age, a residence, relationship degree, estate, a finding under court, data on health.

It was made while translating prisoners of one prison in another and on sentenced to to the exile and a hard labour. On information structure there were some variants of the open sheets which have remained in funds

Offices of governors and provincial boards.

 

2.4.8. Documents on resettlement of the population of the middle XIX - the beginnings of XX centuries

The list of the peasants petitioning for resettlement with data about their family and economic situation specified: a surname, a name, a patronymic, age, a residence, relationship degree, estate, possession of the earth and the real estate.

These documents have remained in funds local земских chiefs.

Lists of immigrants were made in переселенческих managements, and also in the police establishments keeping account immigrants and providing performance of a government program of resettlement of the population. Presumably mass this document became after 1843 when resettlement of the state peasants has got the state value. With different variations lists were made till 1920 Contained the information: a surname, a name, a patronymic of the immigrant, its age, the marital status, relationship degree (children, parents, other relatives).

 Settlement books . Were got in переселенческих managements and other administratively-policemen the establishments responsible for the account of immigrants. Contained the information: a surname, a name, a patronymic of the immigrant, its age, the birthplace, a residence, relationship degree (children, parents, other relatives).

The application (petition) on resettlement. Moved in the Ministries of Internal Affairs or госимуществ, переселенческие managements. It is possible to assume that mass character have got after acceptance of the Reselenchesky law in 1889

Card of the immigrant. It was made presumably since 1906 in переселенческих managements. Comprised the following data: a surname, a name, a patronymic, the birthplace, a residence, relationship degree (children, parents, other relatives), possession of the earth, the real estate.

 Kind through passage . The document was generated in the late eighties of XIX century and operated till 1917 (?) In it were specified: a surname, a name, a patronymic, age, the birthplace, a residence, family structure, a class accessory, a rank. Carried out passport functions.

The discharge certificate. The document had, possibly, same value, as well as the passport or a kind through passage. Contained following data: a surname, a name, a patronymic, a date of birth, a residence, a class accessory, a finding under court, features of the person.

The ticket (immigrant). The document carried out, probably, the same appointment as well as a kind through passage. It is possible to find the following information on the immigrant in it: a surname, a name, a patronymic, age, a residence, relationship degree (children, parents, other relatives), a class accessory.

Voprosnyj sheet for overland immigrants. It was made in переселенческих managements. In it following data on the immigrant contained: a surname, a name, a patronymic, the birthplace, creed, the marital status, a class accessory.

The petition for returning to the ground areas  from Siberia. Contained the following information: a surname, a name, a patronymic, the birthplace, the marital status, relationship degree (children, parents, other relatives), a class accessory, possession of the earth, the real estate.

Documenting of a life of foreign colonists was made by rural managements in colonies and special official bodies (Popechitelnym Committee and Offices on areas of a settlement of colonists). From the end of XIX century instead of попечительных establishments all affairs provincial boards began to know. So, in archives are:

- In funds of Offices of Guardianship and Popechitelnyh of Committees and Offices (subsequently - in funds of Provincial Boards) - lists of the arrived immigrants, nominal sheets on delivery of money and the foodstuffs, the sheet of registration of foreign passports, books of registration of tickets for the right of departure from colonies, time lists born and died in colonies, data about бракосочетающихся, lists of elective chiefs of colonies, documents on acceptance in number of colonists, about dismissal from колонистского ranks and transition in other estates, about delivery of certificates and passports, books of registration of contracts, powers of attorney, wills and other documents of colonists;

- In funds of Rural Boards of colonies - посемейные lists and ревизские fairy tales of colonists, lists домохозяев, скотовладельцев, debtors, etc., lists of elective officials in communities, books for a note of foreign persons living in colonies, nominal sheets on delivery of loans, the foodstuffs, about shortages, complaints and applications of colonists; besides, since 1871 - lists of recruits, nominal lists of spare bottom ranks lists having the right to vote on a rural descent; during the First World War (for 1915-1918) - lists of refugees and immigrants; since 1918 - lists of proprietors and members of agricultural artels, lists лишенцев and dispossessed, etc.;

The account of births, marriages, divorces and death was made by parish churches and religious communities, with granting of periodic data in Popechitelnye Offices. The conclusion and cancellation of marriages needed the Office permission.

In archival funds of evangelicheski-Lutheran and Catholic churches are: registers of births, lists of parishioners, lists крещеных and died, lists married, lists конфирмованных, lists of employees, lists of pupils and teachers of parish schools.

In funds of Spiritual consistories are: periodic (basically, погодовые) extracts ("extracts") from parish registers of births, copies of some parish registers of births, lists (including послужные) it tserkovno-is sacred-attendants also preachers.