4. Estate, a rank, a rank, a title.

4.1. Substantive provisions about estates of the Russian empire.

From creation of the Russian centralised state and up to 1917 in Russia there were estates borders between which, and also their rights and a duty were legislatively defined and regulated by the government. Originally, in XVI-XVII centuries in Russia were rather numerous class groups with poorly developed corporate organisation and not so accurate differentiations between themselves in the rights.

In further, during Petrovsky reforms, and also as a result of legislative activity of successors of Peter I, in particular Catherine II, there was a consolidation of estates, formation of the soslovno-corporate organisations and establishments, there were more accurate interclass partitions. Thus specificity of the Russian society wider, than in many other European countries made, possibilities of transition of one estate in another, including increase of the class status through public service, and also wide inclusion in structure of exclusive estates of representatives of the people which have entered into Russia.

After reforms of 1860th class distinctions began to smooth out gradually, and after February revolution of 1917 the question on cancellation of estates has been put in the agenda and prepared Provisional government. Vsesoslovnyj character of the future Russian republic should be certain by the Constituent assembly. But in August, 1917 has been confirmed, up to the legislative permission of a question, a former order of entering into metric records about a birth of data on a class origin [1].  

Official abolition of estates was carried out by Bolsheviks.

All estates of the Russian empire shared on exclusive and податные. Distinctions between them consisted in the rights to public service and чинопроизводство, the rights to participation in the government, the rights to self-management, the rights on court and punishment serving, the rights to the property and commercial and industrial activity and, at last, the rights to formation reception.

Class position of each Russian citizen was defined by its origin (on a birth), and also its office position, formation and an occupation (property status), i.e. could change depending on advancement on state - military or civil - service, award receptions for office and off-duty merits, the terminations of the higher educational institution which diploma granted the rights to transition in the higher estate, and successful commercial and industrial activity. For women increase of the class status was possible also by marriage with the representative of higher estate.

The state encouraged inheritance of trades that was shown in aspiration to give the chance receptions of the vocational education at the expense of treasury, first of all to children of experts of the given profile (mountain engineers, for example). As rigid borders between estates did not exist, their representatives could pass from one estate in another: by means of service, the award, formation, successful conducting any business. For serfs, for example, to give children to educational institutions meant a free condition for them in the future.

Functions on protection and the certificate of the rights and privileges of all estates belonged exclusively to the Senate [2]. It considered cases about the proof of the class rights from efficient persons and about transition from one condition in another. Especially affairs much it was postponed in Senate fund on protection of the rights of nobility. It considered proofs and confirmed in the rights to advantage of noble family and to honourable titles of princes, counts and barons, gave out reading and writing, diplomas and other certificates certifying these rights, the arms and гербовники sorts of noble family and cities were made; knew affairs about manufacture for long service in civil ranks to the fifth class inclusive. Since 1832 reckoning has been assigned to the Senate to honourable citizenship (personal and hereditary) and delivery of corresponding reading and writing and certificates.

The senate carried out also the control over activity of deputy meetings of noble family, city, merchant, petty-bourgeois and craft societies.

To them and a way to "сопричислению", their rights and a duty it is expedient to consider the basic stages of history of the Russian estates, ways of definition of an accessory separately on each estate.

 

4.2. Peasantry.

The peasantry, both in the Moscow Russia, and in the Russian empire, was the lowest податным the estate making the overwhelming majority of the population. In 1721 various groups of the dependent population have been united in the integrated categories of state [3] (state), palace, monastic and landowner peasants. Thus in a category state on peasants have fallen were черносошные, ясачные, etc. All of them were united by feudal dependence directly from the state and a payment duty, along with подушной a tax, special (first четырехгривенного) the gathering equal under the law to владельческим to duties. Palace peasants were in direct dependence on the monarch and members of its surname [4]. After 1797 they have formed a category of so-called specific peasants. Monastic peasants after секуляризации have formed a category so-called economic (as till 1782 economy Boards submitted). Without differing essentially anything from state, paying in the same duties and coping the same government officials, they were allocated among peasants with the prosperity. Peasants, and lackeys have got to number владельческих (landowner) peasants as actually, and position of these two categories in XVIII century has approached so that any distinctions have come to naught. Among landowner peasants peasants, corvee and оброчные, and domestic differed пашенные , but transition from one group in another depended on will of the owner.

All peasants have been attached to the residence and the community, paid подушную a tax and sent рекрутскую and other natural duties, were subject to corporal punishment. Unique guarantees of landowner peasants from an arbitrariness of owners was that the law protected their life (the corporal punishment right belonged to the owner), since 1797 the law on the three-day corvee, with 3 days formally not limiting corvee, but in practice, as a rule, the applied operated. In I-й also the norms forbidding sale of serfs without a family half XIX century operated, purchase of peasants without the earth, etc. For the state peasants of possibility were a little big: the transition right in petty bourgeoises and records in merchants (in the presence of the discharge certificate), the right of resettlement to the new earths (with the permission of the local heads, at малоземелии). After reforms of 1860th The communal organisation of peasantry with mutual responsibility has been kept, prohibition to leave a residence without the time passport and prohibition to change a residence and to register in other estates without dismissal from a community. Signs class неполноправия peasants there was подушная a tax cancelled only in нач. XX century, their jurisdiction on small affairs to the special volost court which has kept, even after cancellation of corporal punishments under the general legislation, birches as a punishment measure, and on a number administrative and actions of proceeding - земским to chiefs. After in 1906 peasants have acquired the right of a free exit from a community and the right of a private property to the earth, their class isolation has decreased.

аааааа the Important document containing the genealogical information were посемейные lists which were made on persons податных estates (peasants and petty bourgeoises). They were conducted since 1858 by state chambers and volost boards. Special value have got in connection with the new charter about a compulsory military service from January, 1st, 1874 cancelled рекрутскую system and ordering drawing up of invocatory lists of persons податных estates on посемейным to lists. Since the same time annually parish priests verified country посемейные lists with метрическимим books, and since 1885 this duty has been assigned to volost foremen and clerks, therefore lists of males by which it was executed in the next year of 20 years, with data on structure of their families were postponed in volost board. Opisnye books of specific peasants are stored in РГИА. Ф. 515.

Time made посемейный the list was supplemented with the new information throughout many years and when entering of new amendments became inconvenient, got the new. Therefore it is possible to find in funds of volost boards 3-4 посемейных the list.

The data card посемейного the list, printed had in the typographical way 11 columns. It is in many respects similar to the data card ревизской fairy tales of 7-10 audits.

In column 1 it was designated N families one after another, in 2nd - N families on last ревизской to a fairy tale. Columns 3-8 were filled with data on a man's part of a family. Column 3: a prorank (or a surname), a name and a patronymic of the head of the family and names of his sons, grandsons, brothers with the sons, living in common. Columns 4-6 showed age of men (year, month and birthday) - for January, 1st of current year. Data on were brought in column 7 in what year the member of a family, a name and quantity of years again born has died. Column 8 specified the receipt beginning in an active service, its termination, transfer in a stock etc. Column 9 specified names and patronymics of wives (who the husband) and names of daughters. Column 10 specified the facts of a marriage and death of women.

 

4.3. Narrow-mindedness.

Narrow-mindedness - the basic city податное estate in the Russian empire - originates from посадских the Moscow Russia, united in black hundreds and large villages. Petty bourgeoises have been attributed to the city societies, leave which could only under time passports, and list in others - with the permission of the authorities. They paid подушную a tax, were subject рекрутской to a duty and corporal punishment, had no right to arrive on public service, and at receipt on military service had no the rights вольноопределяющихся.

For petty bourgeoises petty trade, various crafts, work on hiring have been resolved. For employment by craft and trade they should register in цехи and guilds.

The organisation of petty-bourgeois estate has been finalised in 1785 In each city they formed a petty-bourgeois society, selected petty-bourgeois justices or petty-bourgeois heads and their assistants (justices are entered since 1870) [5].  

In the middle of XIX century petty bourgeoises are released from corporal punishment, since 1866 - from подушной taxes.

The accessory to petty-bourgeois estate was hereditary. Record in petty bourgeoises has been opened for the persons, obliged to select a life sort, for state (after serfdom cancellation - for all) peasants, but for the last - only at dismissal from a society and the permission of the authorities.

 

4.4. Shop (handicraftsmen).

Цехи as corporations of the persons who are engaged in the same craft, have been founded at Peter I. For the first time the shop organisation has been established by the Instruction to the Main city council [6] and rules about an addition in цехи [7]. Further the rights shop were are specified and confirmed Craft and the Policeman by positions at Catherine II [8].  

Shop it was given the right of priority to employment by certain kinds of craft and sale of the products. For employment by these crafts by persons of other estates from them time record in shop with payment of corresponding gathering was required. Without record in shop it was impossible to open a craft institution, to hold workers and to have a signboard.

Thus, all persons who have been written down in shop, shared on temporary and вечноцеховых. For the last the accessory to shop meant at the same time and a class accessory. The full shop rights had only вечноцеховые.

Having stayed from 3 till 5 years in pupils, they could register in journeymen, and then, after representation of the sample of the work and approval by its shop (craft) justice - in the master. For this purpose they received special certificates. Only masters had the right to open institutions with hired workers and to hold pupils.

In separate sheets handicraftsmen-Jews were considered. The sheet about Jews, masters and handicraftsmen contained: a surname, a name, a patronymic, a residence, the marital status, relationship degree, possession of the earth and the real estate. Sheets in craft justices were conducted.

The shop were among податных estates and were subject подушной to a tax, рекрутской to a duty and corporal punishments.

The accessory to the shop was acquired at a birth and at record in shop, and also transferred by the husband to the wife. But children shop, having reached majority, journeymen, masters should register in pupils, and otherwise they passed in petty bourgeoises.

The shop had the corporate class organisation. Each shop had the justice (in small cities since 1852 цехи could unite with submission to a craft justice). Shop selected craft goals, shop (or управных) foremen and their companions, подмастерских elective and believed. Elections should occur annually [9].  

 

4.5. Merchant class.

In the Moscow Russia from a lump посадских people the merchants sharing on visitors, merchants of the Drawing room and Cloth hundreds in Moscow and "the best people" in cities were allocated, and visitors made the most exclusive top of merchant class.

Peter I, having allocated merchant class from a lump of townspeople, has entered their division into guilds and city self-management [10]. In 1724 principles of reference of merchants to this or that guild have been formulated: "In 1st guild notable merchants who have the big auctions and which various the goods in numbers trade, policemen of the doctor, druggists and doctors, ship industrialists. In 2nd guild which petty the goods and everyones харчевыми supplies trade, craft any skill people and other, this similar; other, namely: all mean people found in hiring, in manual labours and that similar though also citizens and in citizenship счислятися have an essence, токмо between notable and regular citizens are not registered" [11].

But a definitive kind гильдейское the merchant class device, as well as bodies of city self-management, have got at Catherine II. On March, 17th, 1775 it has been established that the merchants, having the capital more than 500 rbl., should share on 3 guilds and pay in treasury on 1 % from the capital declared by them, and from подушной taxes to be free. On May, 25th the same year it has been specified that in the third guild the merchants who have declared behind self of the capital from 500 to 1000 rbl., in the second - from 1000 to 10000 rbl. should be written down , in 10000 rbl. first more Thus "the announcement of capitals is left on the voluntary indication on conscience to everyone" [12]. Those who could not declare behind itself(himself) the capital at least in 500 rbl., had no right to be called as merchants and to register in guild. Further the sizes гильдейского the capital increased. In 1785 for 3rd guild the capital from 1 to 5 thousand rbl., for 2nd - from 5 to 10 thousand rbl., for 1st - from 10 to 50 тыс rbl. [13], in 1794 has been established Accordingly, from 2 to 8 thousand rbl., from 8 to 16 тыс rbl. and from 16 to 50 тыс rbl. [14], in 1807 - from 8 to 10 тыс rbl., from 20 to 50 thousand and more than 50 thousand rbl. [15]  

The reading and writing on the rights and benefits to cities of the Russian empire confirmed that "who declares more the capital, to that is made room before that who declares less the capital". Position was other, even more effective means to induce merchants to the capital announcement in the big sizes (in limits гильдейской norms) that in state подрядах "trust" affects in process of the declared capital.

Depending on guild, merchants used various privileges and had the various rights to manufacture of trade and crafts. All merchants could instead of рекрутского pay a set corresponding money. Merchants of first two guilds were released from corporal punishment. Merchants of 1st guild had the right on external and domestic trade, 2nd - on internal, 3rd - on petty on

To cities and districts. Merchants of 1st and 2nd guilds had the right to go on a city in pair, and

3rd - only on one horse.

Persons of other estates could register in guild on the time bases and, paying гильдейские duties, to keep the class status.

On October, 26th, 1800 it was forbidden to noblemen to register in guild and to use the benefits appropriated to one merchants [16], but on January, 1st, 1807 the right of noblemen to register in guild has been restored [17].

On March, 27th, 1800 for encouragement of the merchants who have caused a stir in trading activity, the rank of commerce of the adviser, equal to 8 class of civil service [18], and then manufactories-advisers with the similar rights [19] has been founded  . On January, 1st, 1807 the honorary title первостатейных merchants to whom the merchants of 1st guild conducting only wholesale trade have been carried has been entered also. On this rank had no right the merchants who had simultaneously with wholesale and retail trade or holding payoff and подряды. Pervostatejnye merchants had the right to go on a city as in pair, and четверней and even had the right of arrival to a court yard (but only personally, without members of family) [20].

The manifesto established on November, 14th, 1824 new rules and benefits for merchant class. In particular, for merchants of 1st guild the right to be engaged in a banking craft proved to be true, to enter in state подряды for any sum etc. the Right of merchants of 2nd guild to foreign trade has been limited by the sum of 300 thousand rbl. of year, and for 3rd guild such trade was prohibited. Подряды and a payoff, and also private contracts for merchants of 2nd guild were limited to the sum of 50 thousand rbl., a banking craft was forbidden. For merchants of 3rd guild the right to get factory was limited to light industry and number of workers to 32. It has been confirmed that the merchant of 1st guild who is engaged only in wholesale or foreign trade, is called первостатейным as a merchant or the negotiator Engaged in a banking craft could be called as bankers also. The stayed 12 years on end in 1st guild acquired the right to rewarding by a rank of commerce or manufactories-advisers. It was thus underlined that "monetary donations and concessions on подрядам do not grant the right to the award ranks and awards" - special merits, for example, in the field of charity for this purpose were required. The merchants of 1st guild who has stayed in it less of 12 years, had also the right to ask about transfer of their children on public service as ober-officer children, and also about their reception in various educational institutions, including universities, without dismissal from a society. Merchants of 1st guild acquired the right to wear uniforms of that province in which are written down. In the manifesto it was underlined:" In general the merchant class of 1st guild is not esteemed податным by a condition, but makes a special class of honourable people in the state "[21]. Here it has been noticed that merchants of 1st guild are obliged to accept only posts of town goals and assessors of chambers (judicial), совестных courts and orders public призрения, and also deputies of trade and directors of banks and their offices and church heads, and a choice in all other public posts have the right to refuse; for merchants of 2nd guild to this list posts of burgomasters, ратманов and members of navigable punishments, for 3rd - town heads, members of six-public thoughts, deputies increased      at different places. On all other city posts petty bourgeoises if merchants do not wish them to accept should be selected.

On January, 1st, 1863 it has been entered new гильдейское the device. Employment by trade and crafts have become accessible to persons of all estates without record in guild under condition of payment of all trading and trade certificates, but without class гильдейских the rights. Thus to 1st guild, wholesale trade has been carried to 2nd - retail. Merchants of 1st guild had the right to universal employment by wholesale and retail trade, подряды and deliveries without restrictions, the maintenance of factories and factories, 2nd - on retail trade in a record place, the maintenance of factories, factories and craft institutions, подряды and deliveries to the sum no more than 15 thousand rbl. Thus a factory or factory holder where is the car or more than 16 workers, should take гильдейское the certificate at least 2nd guilds, joint-stock companies - 1st guilds [22].

Thus, the accessory to merchants was defined by size of the declared capital. Merchant children and not separated brothers, and also wives of merchants belonged to merchant class (have been written down on one certificate). Merchant widows and orphans kept this right, but without employment by trade. Merchant children who have reached majority should at

Branch again to register in guild in the separate certificate or passed in petty bourgeoises. Not separated merchant children and brothers should be called not as merchants, and merchant sons etc. Transition from guild in guild and from merchants in petty bourgeoises was free. Transition of merchants from a city in a city was resolved under condition of absence of shortages on гильдейским and to city gathering and captures of the discharge certificate. Receipt of merchant children on public service (except children of merchants of 1st guild) was not authorised, if such right was not got by formation.

The corporate class organisation of merchant class existed in the form of selected annually merchant heads and their assistants which duties included conducting гильдейских lists, care about пользах and needs of merchant class etc. This post was considered in 14 class of civil service [23]. Since 1870 merchant heads affirmed governors [24].

The accessory to merchants was combined with an accessory to honourable citizenship.

 

4.6. Clergy.

The clergy was considered as exclusive, honourable estate in Russia during all periods of its history.

The orthodox clergy shared on black (all монашествующие) and white, and to the last clerics (протопресвитеры and archpriests, пресвитеры, иереи, protodeacons and иподиаконы, and also причетники in a rank of psalm readers), and tserkovno-attendants (sextons, sextons etc.) belonged as actually  . As the black clergy as the monks who have renounced the world could not have the property, had no posterity, or stopped any civil communications with children, parents and all relatives, and persons of the higher estates entering a monkhood could not use any class privileges, speak about clergy as about class group it is possible first of all with reference to secular clergy.

In XVIII century the financial position of parish clergy in village was only not much more above, than at prosperous peasants, and in a city was comparable to position of the lowest part of officials and a great bulk посадских (except for clergy of cathedrals and, certainly, court clergy). During the same time practice (formally not legalised any civil уложением or a church canon) actual inheritance of church arrivals when the diocesan bishop at leaving "on rest" fixed the parish priest, under the application of the last, a place to his son or the son-in-law was fixed . As a result to receive arrival the applicant could by a marriage on священнической daughters for what in spiritual consistories lists of brides were conducted even more often and the interested person made recommendations.

In the same time the principle of necessity of spiritual formation for employment священнослужительской the posts, fixed in Spiritual regulations has definitively affirmed.

The clergy from the very beginning was free from the state taxes, first of all, from подушной taxes, рекрутской (from the moment of its establishment and up to introduction of a general compulsory military service), and since 1874 - a compulsory military service and from military постоя. But freedom of clerics (priests and диаконов) from corporal punishment has been proclaimed only in 1747

Persons of a ministry have been deprived the right to own serfs (to секуляризации this right carried out корпоративно monasteries, архиерейские at home and even some churches), but for priests passed in clergy from noblemen, and also received awards, this right admitted [25]. The clergy could own not occupied earths and houses. At possession of houses for ecclesiastics there was one restriction: in these houses it was impossible to place трактирные and pubs. Ecclesiastics could not be engaged подрядами and deliveries and to act поручателями on them. In general it was forbidden to persons of a ministry to be engaged "unusual for them" in the trading crafts attracting behind self their reckoning to the trading category (i.e. record in guild and цехи) [26]. This prohibition went in the same to a number, as well as prohibition to clergy to visit "игрища", to play cards, etc.

The accessory to spiritual estate was acquired at a birth and at the introduction into numbers of secular clergy from other estates. Basically the law resolved receipt in clergy to persons of all estates, except the serfs who have not received discharge from the owners, but persons податных estates could join the ranks of clergy only at the certificate of the local diocesan heads of a lack of persons of a ministry for replacement of a corresponding post, at "approving" behaviour and in the presence of the discharge certificate from a country or city society [27]. Transition in secular clergy of persons of nobility up to нач. XX century for Russia it was uncharacteristic, but this practice has been extended enough in Ukraine.

Children it is sacred - clergymen inherited their class accessory and should not select at majority achievement to itself a life sort, but remaining at fathers to 15-year-old age without return in spiritual schools and corresponding training or excluded from spiritual schools for dullness and laziness were excluded from a ministry and should select to itself a life sort, i.e. be attributed to any community податного estates - petty-bourgeois or country - or to register in merchants. To select to itself a life sort children should also is sacred - the clergymen voluntary evading from spiritual estate. For "excessive" children of clergy so-called "analyses" at which children it is sacred - the clergymen, anywhere not written down and anywhere not defined were periodically arranged, given in soldiers. This practice has definitively stopped only by 60th years of XIX century

Children of clergy had the right (and originally this right meant also a duty) on formation reception in spiritual schools. Graduates of theological seminaries and spiritual academies could wish to select for themselves secular career. For this purpose they should leave spiritual department. Born in a ministry at receipt on civil service had the rights identical with children of personal noblemen, but it concerned only священнослужительских children [28]. At receipt - voluntary or on analyses - in military service children the clergy who ended average branch of seminary and have been not dismissed from seminary for defects, had the rights вольноопределяющихся. But for the persons who have voluntary combined a sacred dignity and wishing to arrive in civil service, such receipt was forbidden for priests within 10 years after dignity removal, and for диаконов - 6 years.

In practice by the most widespread variant of change of a class accessory to children of clergy in XVIII - нач. Receipt in civil service in writing attendants before achievement of the first class rank, and later - in universities and other educational institutions Was XIX centuries. Prohibition in 1884

To graduates of seminaries to arrive in universities has considerably limited this way of class and social mobility of clergy. At the same time the big openness of spiritual educational institutions (under charters 1867 and 1884) for persons of all estates promoted, as well as formal prohibition of inheritance of arrivals, большей opennesses of spiritual estate.

Wives of ecclesiastics acquired their class accessory and kept it after death of husbands (before secondary marriage).

The persons belonging to orthodox clergy, were subject to court of spiritual department.

 Birth certificates, клировые the sheets made in consistories, and also ставленнические reading and writing were accessory proofs to spiritual estate  .

The clergy had no special corporate class organisation, short of rudiments of such organisation in the form of diocesan congresses and attempts to enter in 60 - нач. 80th of XIX century selectivity of the decent. Inherited at a birth, the accessory to spiritual estate remained at majority achievement only at receipt on is sacred - церковнослужительскую a post. The accessory to spiritual estate could be combined with born or received (for example, on an award) the rights of nobility and honourable citizenship.

The rights, basically similar to orthodox clergy, in Russia ecclesiastics of the Armenian-Gregorian church used.

Concerning a class accessory and the special class rights of Catholic clergy, owing to obligatory in Catholic church целибата, the question did not stand.

The Protestant clergy had the rights of honourable citizens.

Ecclesiastics of not Christian confessions or obtained honourable citizenship after a certain date of performance of the duties (Muslim clergy), or had no special class rights, except belonging to them on a birth (Judaic ecclesiastics), or had the rights stipulated in special positions about foreigners (ламаистское clergy).

 

4.7. Nobility.

The basic exclusive estate of the Russian empire was definitively generated in XVIII century Its basis have made the exclusive class groups which were in the Moscow Russia so-called "служилых on fatherland of ranks" (i.e. by origin). Higher of them made so-called "думные ranks" - думные boyars, окольничие, noblemen and думные clerks, and the accessory to each of the listed class groups was defined both an origin, and passage "государевой services". To reach nobility it was possible service, for example, from the Moscow noblemen. At the same time any son думного the boyar did not begin service directly with this rank - it needed to visit at first at least in стольниках. Then there were ranks Moscow: стольники, стряпчие, noblemen Moscow and tenants. Below the Moscow there were policemen ranks: noblemen elective (or a choice), children seigniorial domestic and children seigniorial policemen. They differed between themselves not only "fatherland", but also character of service and a property status. Dumnye ranks headed machinery of state. The Moscow ranks drew court duty, made so-called "государев a regiment" (some kind of guards), were appointed to supervising posts in army and in local administration. All of them had a considerable ancestral lands or have been allocated by estates situated near Moscow. Noblemen elective were by turns sent for service at court and in Moscow, and also served "distant service", i.e. went to distant campaigns and performed administrative duties in the distance from district in which there were their estates. Children seigniorial domestic also drew distant duty. Children seigniorial policemen owing to the property status could not bear distant service. They drew duty городовую or obsidional, making garrisons of the district cities.

All these groups differed that inherited the service (and could move ahead on it upwards) and possessed a hereditary ancestral lands, or, on reaching majority, were imposed by estates which were compensation for their service.

People concerned intermediate class groups on the device, i.e. enlisted or mobilised by the government in стрельцы, gunners, затинщики, рейтары, копейщики etc. so-called служилые  , and their children also could inherit service of fathers, but this service was not exclusive and did not give possibilities of a hierarchical eminence. For this service monetary compensation was given. The earths (at frontier service) were given in so-called "вопчие summer residences", i.e. not in an estate, and as though in communal possession. At the same time, at least in practice, their possession of lackeys and even peasants was not excluded.

Other intermediate group were подьячие the different categories, making a basis of a bureaucratic machinery of the Moscow state, imposed in service voluntary and obtaining for the service monetary reward.

Sluzhilye people were free from the taxes, falling all weight on тяглых people, but anybody from them, from the policeman of the son seigniorial to the Duma boyar, has not been released from corporal punishment and any minute could be deprived a rank, all rights and property. "Gosudareva service" for all служилых people was obligatory and to be released from it it was possible only behind illnesses, wounds and an old age.

Unique title available in the Moscow Russia - the prince - did not give any particular advantages, except most титулования and frequently did not mean neither high position on an office ladder, nor the large landed property.

The accessory to служилым to people on fatherland - to noblemen and children seigniorial - was fixed in so-called десятнях, i.e. lists служилых the people made at their reviews, analyses and imposition, and also in даточных books of Pomestnogo of the order where the sizes of the estates given служилым to people were designated.

The essence of Petrovsky reforms with reference to nobility consisted that, first, all categories служилых people on fatherland have merged in one "noble шляхетское estate" [29], and each member of this estate from a birth was equal to all to the rests, and all distinctions were defined by a difference in

Position on an office ladder, on Tables of ranks, secondly, acquisition of nobility by service has been legalised [30] and formally regulated (nobility gave the first ober-officer rank in military service and a rank of 8th class - collegiate асессора - in civil) [31], thirdly, each member of this estate

Has been obliged to be on public service, military or civil, up to an old age or health loss conformity of the military and civil ranks unified in tables of ranks, fifthly, fourthly, has been established all distinctions between estates have been definitively eliminated as as the form of conditional possession and an ancestral lands on the basis of the uniform right of succession and a uniform duty to serve. Numerous small intermediate groups "old services of people" have been deprived by one resolute certificate privileges and attributed to the state peasants.

The nobility was first of all служилым estate with a formal equality of all members of this estate and essentially open character, allowing to include in numbers of estate of the representatives of the lowest estates most succeeded in public service.

Titles: primordial for Russia a princely title both new - count and baronial - mattered only honourable patrimonial names and except the rights on титулование any special rights and privileges to the carriers did not give.

Special privileges of nobility concerning court and an order of serving of punishments have not been formally legalised, and existed more likely in practice. Noblemen have not been released from corporal punishments.

Concerning the property rights the monopoly for possession of the occupied manors and a domestics though this monopoly was more not enough regulated and absolute was the major privilege of nobility.

The establishment in 1732 of the Shljahetsky case became realisation of exclusive position of nobility in a sphere of education.

Definitively all rights and advantages of the Russian nobility have been issued by Zhalovannoj the reading and writing to nobility confirmed by Catherine II on April, 21st, 1785 [32]

This certificate formulated concept of nobility as hereditary exclusive служилого estates. He established an order of acquisition and the nobility proof, its special rights and advantages, including freedom from taxes and corporal punishments, and also from obligatory service. This certificate established the corporate organisation of noble family with local elective bodies of noble family. And Ekaterina's provincial reform of 1775 a little assigned earlier to nobility the right of election of candidates to a number of local administrative and judicial posts [33].

The zhalovannaja reading and writing to nobility definitively fixed monopoly of this estate for possession "serf souls". The Same certificate had been legalised for the first time such category, as personal noblemen. Fundamental laws and the privileges given to nobility by Zhalovannoj by the reading and writing, remained, with some specifications and changes, in force up to reforms of 1860th, and on a number of positions and till 1917

4.7.1. Acquisition and acknowledgement of the rights of nobility.

The hereditary nobility, on the sense of definition of this estate, was descended and, thus, was got by descendants of noblemen at a birth. Women of an origin not of noble family got nobility at the introduction into marriage with a nobleman. Thus they did not lose the rights of noble family at the introduction into second marriage in case of widowhood. At the same time women of an origin of noble family did not lose the advantage of noble family at the introduction into marriage with недворянином though children from such marriage inherited a class accessory of the father.

The nobility could be got, further, special the highest пожалованием, but in practice such cases were rather rare.

The table of ranks defined an order of acquisition of nobility service: achievement of the first ober-officer rank on military service and a rank of 8th class on the civil. On May, 18th, 1788 it was forbidden to appropriate hereditary nobility to the persons who have received a military ober-officer rank at resignation, but in this rank not serving [34]. The manifesto has raised on July, 11th, 1845 a lath of achievement of nobility service: henceforth the hereditary nobility was appropriated only by that who has received in military service the first staff-officer a rank (the major, 8th class), and in civil service a rank of 5th class (councillor of state), and these ranks it was necessary will receive in an active service, instead of at resignation. The personal nobility was appropriated on military service received an ober-officer rank, and

On civil - ranks from 9th to 6th class (from титулярного to the collegiate adviser) [35]. Since December, 9th, 1856 hereditary nobility on military service the rank of the colonel (began to bring the captain of 1st rank on fleet), and on civil - the valid councillor of state [36].

The zhalovannaja reading and writing has specified to nobility in one more source of acquisition of advantage of noble family - rewarding by one of the Russian awards.

The state council the opinion has decided on October, 30th, 1826 that "in disgust from misunderstanding about ranks and awards, to persons of merchants is more most gracious granted" henceforth such пожалования should bring only personal, instead of hereditary nobility [37].

On February, 27th, 1830 the State council has confirmed that children of officials недворян and the persons of the ministry who has received awards, born to пожалования to their fathers of this award, have the nobility rights, no less than children of the merchants who have received awards till October, 30th, 1826 [38]

But under the new statute of an award of St. Anna, confirmed on July, 22nd, 1845, the rights of hereditary nobility relied only awarded 1st degree of this award [39]; under the decree on June, 28th, 1855 the same restriction has been established and for St. Stanislav's award [40]. Thus, only at St. Vladimir's awards (except merchants) [41] and St. George all degrees granted the right to hereditary nobility. Since May, 28th, 1900 St. Vladimir's award of 3rd degree [42] began to give the right to hereditary nobility only.

The order on which the hereditary nobility was appropriated only awarded by awards for an active service, instead of for not office differences, for example, for charity was other restriction in the right of reception of nobility on an award.

Periodically there was also a number of other restrictions: for example, prohibition to rank as hereditary nobility of ranks of the former Bashkir army awarded by any awards [43], representatives of the Catholic clergy, the awarded the order St. Stanislav (the orthodox clergy was not awarded by this award) [44], etc.

In 1900 of the person of Judaic confession have been deprived the right to get nobility by ranks on service and пожалованием awards [45].

Ask about erection in hereditary nobility grandsons of personal noblemen (i.e. descendants of two generations of the persons who were receiving personal nobility and in the service not less of 20 years each) [46], senior grandsons of eminent citizens (a rank existing with 1785 for 1807) on reaching 30-year-old age if their grandfathers, fathers and they "kept именитость беспорочно", and also - by the tradition which legislatively have been not issued, - merchants of 1st guild on the occasion of 100-year-old anniversary of their firm could  . So nobility founders and owners of the Three-mountain manufactory of Prohorovy, for example, have received.

Special rules operated for a number of intermediate groups. As impoverished descendants of ancient sorts of noble family have got to number однодворцев (also at Peter I some of them registered in one-palaces to avoid obligatory service), having reading and writing of noble family, on May, 5th, 1801 it had been gave the right to find and prove the advantage lost by their ancestors of noble family [47]. But in 3 years it has been enjoined to consider their proofs "with всею severity", observing thus that in nobility the people who have lost it "for fault and отбывательство from service" [48] have not been admitted. On December, 28th, 1816 the State council recognised that one proof of presence of ancestors of noble family for однодворцев insufficiently, nobility achievement is necessary still che -

рез service. For this purpose to the one-palaces which have produced the evidence of their origin from a sort of noble family, the right of receipt to military service with clearing of duties and manufacture in the first ober-officer rank in 6 years [49] was given. After introduction in 1874 of a general compulsory military service the right to restore the nobility lost by ancestors (in the presence of the corresponding proofs confirmed with the certificate of meeting of noble family of their province) by receipt on military service in quality вольноопределяющихся and reception of an officer rank in the general order, provided for вольноопределяющихся [50] has been given one-palaces.

In 1831 Polish шляхта, not issued since joining to Russia Western provinces of the Russian nobility by representation of the proofs provided by Zhalovannoj by the reading and writing, has been written down in one-palaces or "citizens" [51].

On July, 3rd, 1845 rules about returning of a condition of noble family to one-palaces have been extended on the persons belonging to former Polish шляхте [52].

In the Cossack armies as hereditary nobility were ranked:

On the Army Don - the persons who have received a staff-officer ranks on the basis of the report confirmed by Catherine II on February, 14th, 1775, the army foremen who were considered on the basis of this report зауряд younger before army seconds-majors and foremen in relation to captains, army officials,

Recognised as the decree on September, 22nd, 1798 army ranks, the persons made in army officer ranks after the decree on September, 22nd, 1798 about their comparison with ranks with active armed forces and to the decree on September, 29th, 1802, and, at last, the persons made in army officer ranks after the decree on September, 29th, 1802 and to the manifesto on June, 11th, 1845 [53];

On the Army Ural - the army officials recognised as the decree on April, 9th, 1799 by army ranks, the persons made in army officer ranks after their comparison in ranks with active armed forces by the decree on April, 9th, 1799 to the decree on December, 26th, 1803 and after that the decree to the manifesto on June, 11th, 1845 [54];

On the Army Astrakhan - army officials, Position on May, 7th, 1817 compared in ranks with active armed forces, and the persons made in army officer ranks after May, 7th, 1817 and to the manifesto on June, 11th, 1845 [55];

On the Army Orenburg - army officials, Position on December, 12th, 1840 compared in ranks with active armed forces, the persons made in army officer ranks after December, 12th, 1840 and to the manifesto on June, 11th, 1845, and also the army officials of the former Orenburg thousand Cossack regiment compared to army ranks on "высочайше to the confirmed report" on June, 8th, 1803 [56];

On the Army Kuban (former Black Sea) - the army officials who have received army ranks under the report, I 13 November, 1802 confirmed by Alexander, and the persons who have received army officer ranks after November, 13th, 1802 and to the manifesto on June, 11th, 1845 [57];

On the Army Tersky (former Caucasian Linear) - army officials, by Position on February, 14th, 1845 compared in ranks with army, and the persons who have received army officer ranks after mentioned position and to the manifesto on June, 11th, 1845 [58];

On the Army Siberian (former Siberian Linear) - the persons who have received the valid army ranks to the manifesto on June, 11th, 1845, and everything which received to the decree on December, 6th, 1849 a rank of the colonel or have received a rank of the army foreman for military feats, and also the officers of konno-artillery companies renamed by the decree on June, 9th, 1812 in army ranks or made in ranks till June, 11th, 1845, and also the persons who have served to a rank of the army foreman after December, 6th, 1849, but till December, 9th, 1856 [59]

 

On the Don, Ural, Astrakhan, Orenburg, Kuban and Tersky Cossack armies the persons who have received the valid army officer ranks before comparison of the Cossack armies in ranks with active armed forces were ranked as hereditary nobility, and everything which have served from June, 11th, till December, 9th, 1856 to a rank of the army foreman also.

On the Transbaikalian Cossack army, in Irkutsk and Yeniseisk the Cossack horse regiments, and also in the abolished Cossack armies which did not have comparisons in ranks with army, - Azov and Novorossisk, all persons who have received the valid army ranks to the manifesto on June, 11th, 1845 were ranked as hereditary nobility, everything which served to a rank of the colonel or have received the valid rank of the army foreman for military feats till December, 9th, 1856, and on the Novorossisk army - made in army foremen from November, 13th, till February, 23rd, 1848 [60]

On the abolished Bashkir army the persons who have received in service the valid officer ranks till May, 14th, 1863, affirmed in hereditary nobility by the rules operating for the Transbaikalian Cossack army.

Hereditary noblemen the persons who had abolished малороссийские ranks admitted: general обозного, the general judge, general подскарбия, the general clerk, general есаула, general хорунжего, general бунчужного, the colonel of army board, бунчукового a companion, обозного regimental Artillery board, есаула Artillery board, хорунжего Artilleries general Artillery board, regimental есаула, хорунжего and сотника  

Army board, the ataman of Artillery general, an army  companion regimental and the clerk of regimental State board, and also подкормия, земского judges and подсудка, received these ranks during existence in Malorossii hetman board.

At joining of new territories to Russia the local nobility, as a rule, joined in structure of the Russian nobility. So has occurred with Tatar мурзами, the Georgian princes, etc. For other people the nobility was reached by reception of corresponding military and civil ranks on the Russian service or the Russian awards. So, for example, нойоны and зайсанги the Kalmyks wandering in the Astrakhan and Stavropol provinces (the Don Kalmyks have been written down in the Army Don and on them the order of reception of the nobility extended, accepted for the Don army ranks), on receipt of awards had the rights of personal or hereditary nobility under general provisions. The senior sultans of the Siberian Kirghiz could ask about hereditary nobility if they have served in this rank at elections three трехлетия. Carriers of other honorary titles of the people of Siberia had no special rights to nobility if the last have not been appropriated to someone from them by separate reading and writing or if they were not made in the ranks bringing nobility.

Irrespective of a way of reception of the hereditary nobility, all hereditary noblemen in the Russian empire had the identical rights. Presence of a title did not give to carriers of this title also any especial rights. Distinctions were only depending on the sizes of the real estate (till 1861 - the occupied manors). From this point of view, all noblemen of the Russian empire could be divided into 3 categories: 1) the noblemen brought in genealogical books and owning real estate in province; 2) the noblemen brought in genealogical books, but real estate not owning; 3) the noblemen who have been not brought in genealogical books. Depending on the sizes of possession degree of competency of participation of noblemen in elections of noble family was real estate (till 1861 - from quantity of serf souls). Participation in these elections and in general an accessory depended on entering into genealogical books of this or that province to a society of this or that province of noble family or district. Noblemen

Owning in province real estate, records in genealogical books of this province but entering into these books were subject was carried out only under petitions of these noblemen. Therefore it is a lot of the noblemen who have received the nobility through ranks and awards, and also a part of noblemen foreign, got the driver's licence of the Russian nobility, did not register in genealogical books of any provinces.

Only the first of listed above categories had in full the rights and advantages of hereditary nobility as as a part of societies of noble family, and separately belonging to each person. The second category had in full the rights and the advantages belonging to each person, and the rights as a part of societies of noble family in the limited volume. And, at last, the third category had the rights and advantages of the nobility, appropriated to each separate persons and had no rights as a part of societies of noble family. Thus any person from the third category could pass at any moment voluntarily in the second or first category, transition from the second category in the first and on the contrary depended exclusively on a financial position.

Each nobleman, in particular not employee, should register in the genealogical book of that province where it had a constant residence if he owned in this province any real estate, at least this real estate was and is less considerable than in other provinces. The noblemen who had a necessary property qualification at once in several provinces, could register in genealogical books of all those provinces where they wished to participate in elections. Thus noblemen proved the nobility on ancestors, but not having anywhere any real estate, were brought in the book of that province where their ancestors owned a manor. Received nobility on a rank or an award could be brought in the book of that

Provinces where they will wish, irrespective of presence at them there the real estate. The same rule extended and on foreign noblemen, but the last were brought in genealogical books only after preliminary about them representations to Department герольдии. Hereditary noblemen of the Cossack armies were brought: Armies Don in the genealogical book of this army, and other armies - in genealogical books of those provinces and areas where there were these armies. At entering of noblemen of the Cossack armies into genealogical books their accessory to these armies was designated.

Personal noblemen were not brought in genealogical books. The genealogical book was divided into six parts.  Nobility childbirth was brought in the first part жалованного or valid ""; in the second part - childbirth of nobility of the military man; in the third - childbirth of the nobility got on service civil, and also acquired right of hereditary nobility on an award; in the fourth - all foreign childbirth; in the fifth - the titled childbirth; in the sixth part - "ancient noble childbirth of noble family".

In practice in the first part the persons who have received nobility on an award, especially registered also if this award complained out of a usual office order. At legal equality of all noblemen irrespective of, in what part of the genealogical book they have been written down, record in the first part was considered as less honourable, than in the second and the third, and the three first parts all together - less honourable, than the fifth and the sixth. The childbirth which had the Russian titles of barons, counts, princes were brought in the fifth part and светлейших princes, and the barony остзейское meant an accessory to a family of great antiquity, the barony welcomed to the Russian sort - its initially not notable origin, employment by trade and the industry (barons of Shafirovy, Stroganovy, etc.). The count title meant

Especially high position and special imperial favour, sort eminence in XVIII - нач. XIX centuries so in other cases was even more honourable, than princely, not supported with high position of the carrier of this title. In XIX - нач. XX centuries the count title was given often at resignation of the minister or as a sign of special monarchical goodwill to the last, as the award. Such origin a county of Valuevyh, Deljanovyh, Vitte, Kokovtsovyh. The In itself princely title in XVIII - did not mean XIX centuries especially high position and did not speak about what, except an antiquity of an origin of a sort. Princely sorts in Russia was much more, than count, and among them there were many princes Tatar, Georgian; there was even a sort of Tungus princes - Gantimurovyh. The title testified to the greatest eminence and high position of a sort светлейших the princes, allocating carriers of this title from other princes and granting the right on титулование "your grace" (usual princes, as well as columns, used a title of "Excellency", and to barons special титулования it has not been appropriated).

The childbirth which nobility totaled century at the moment of the edition Zhalovannoj of the reading and writing were brought in the sixth part, but owing to insufficient definiteness of the law by number consideration has put centenary term was estimated on time of consideration of documents for nobility. In practice more often proofs for entering into the sixth part of the genealogical book were considered especially captiously, at the same time record in the second or third part did not meet (in the presence of corresponding proofs) any obstacles. Formally record in the sixth part of the genealogical book did not give any privileges, except unique: sons of the noblemen who have been written down in the fifth and sixth parts of genealogical books were enlisted in the Pazhesky case, Aleksandrovsky (Tsarskoselsky) lyc�e and in jurisprudence school only.

аааааа as nobility Proofs  were considered: Diplomas on пожалование advantage of noble family, жалованные from monarchs the arms, patents for ranks, proofs пожалования awards, proofs "чрез жалованные or laudable reading and writing", decrees on пожалование the earths or villages, imposition on service of noble family estates, decrees or reading and writing аааааа on пожалование their estates and an ancestral lands, decrees or reading and writing on жалованные villages and an ancestral lands (at least and lost it come subsequently), decrees, orders or the reading and writing given to a nobleman on embassy, посланничество or other parcel, proofs about  service of ancestors of noble family , proofs that the father and the grandfather "conducted a noble life or a condition or service, сходственную with the name of noble family", 12 persons supported with the certificate, on which nobility are not present doubt, bills of sale, mortgage, рядные and spiritual about a manor of noble family , proofs that the father and the grandfather owned villages, and also proofs " поколенные and hereditary, ascending from the son to the father, the grandfather, The great-grandfather and so above, how many can show and will wish "(родословия, поколенные a list) [61].

The deputy meetings of noble family  consisting of deputies from district societies of noble family (on one from district) and the provincial leader of nobility were the first instance for consideration of the proof of nobility  . Deputy meetings of noble family considered shown proofs on nobility, conducted provincial genealogical books and sent data and extracts of their these books in provincial boards and in Department герольдии the Senate, and also gave out reading and writing on entering of sorts of noble family into the genealogical book, gave out to noblemen under their request lists from reports on which their sort is brought in the genealogical book, or certificates on nobility. The rights of deputy meetings of noble family were are limited by entering into the genealogical book only those persons who have already incontestably proved the nobility. Erection in nobility or restoration in nobility was not included into their competence. By consideration of proofs deputy meetings of noble family had no right to interpret or explain laws in force. They should consider proofs only those persons who own or owned in the given province the real estate or through wives. But retired military men or the officials who have selected at resignation with a residence given province, deputy meetings could bring in genealogical books at a presentation of patents for ranks and assured послужных or official lists, and also confirmed by spiritual consistories of birth certificates on children.

Genealogical books were made in each province by deputy meeting together with the provincial leader of nobility. District leaders of nobility made alphabetic lists  of sorts of the district of noble family with instructions on each nobleman of a name and a surname, data on marriage, the wife, children, the real estate, a residence, a rank and a finding on service or in resignation. These lists were represented signed by the district leader of nobility provincial. The deputy meeting was based on these lists at entering into the genealogical book of each sort, and the decision on such entering should be based on incontestable proofs and be accepted not less, than two thirds of voices.

Definitions of deputy meetings arrived on audit in Department герольдии the Senate, except affairs about persons. Got nobility as service. At departure of affairs on audit in Department герольдии deputy meetings of noble family should watch, that the family trees enclosed to these affairs contained data on each person about proofs of its origin, and birth certificates are assured of a consistory. The department герольдии considered cases about nobility and genealogical books, considered the rights to advantage of noble family and to titles of princes, counts and barons, together with to honourable citizenship, carried out delivery in the order of reading and writing established by the law, diplomas and certificates on these rights, considered cases about change of surnames of noblemen and honourable citizens, made гербовник sorts of noble family and the policeman гербовник, confirmed and made the new arms of noble family and gave out copies from the arms and family trees.

At disposal of legal proceeding about the proof of nobility for separate districts and the people (faiths) there was a special order. So, at disposal of legal proceeding about Greeks finding nobility and Mohammedans, in case of a lack or absence of proofs demanded by the general legislation, deputy meetings have been obliged the negative conclusions, without carrying out them and without declaring applicants, to send to the governor who had the right, if, despite a lack of written proofs, nobility of the given person "is not subject to doubt, has been announced общею and одновременною in the people by popularity or proved with what or special events", to direct the representations about it to the Minister of Justice, last submitted them for consideration in the State council (in Department of civil and spiritual affairs).

 

4.8. Honourable citizenship.

The category of eminent citizens included three groups of townspeople: having merits on an elective urban service  (not included in system of public service and not entered in the Table of ranks), scientists, artists, musicians (we will recollect that till the end of XVIII century the Academy of sciences, Academy of arts have not been included in system Tables of ranks) and, at last, a merchant class top . These representatives of three, diverse, as a matter of fact groups that, without having possibility to reach public service united, they could apply for certain class privileges personally and wished to extend them and to the posterity.

Eminent citizens have been released from corporal punishment and рекрутской duties. They were authorised to have country court yard and gardens (except populated manors) and to go on a city in pair and четверней (the privilege of "noble estate"), was not forbidden to have and get factory, factories, sea and river crafts. The rank of eminent citizens was descended that did by their expressed class group. Grandsons of eminent citizens, fathers and which grandfathers bore this rank беспорочно, on reaching them 30 years old could ask about assignment of nobility by it.

This class category has existed not for long. On January, 1st, 1807 the rank of eminent citizens for merchants has been cancelled "as mixing diverse advantages" [62]. Thus it has been left as difference for scientists and artists but as by then scientists have been included in system of the public service giving personal and hereditary nobility, a rank it has ceased to be actual and has practically disappeared.

On October, 19th, 1831, in connection with "analysis" шляхты, at an exception of considerable weight small шляхетства from among noblemen and their record in one-palaces and in city estates, those them them, "which address in any scientific employment" - doctors, teachers, artists, etc., and also the having legalised certificates on a lawyer rank, "for distinction from making a petty-bourgeois craft or being in a service and other lowest employment" received a rank of honourable citizens [63]. Then, on December, 1st, 1831, it has been specified that from artists it is necessary to rank as this rank only painters, литографов, engravers and so forth carvers on stones and metals, architects, sculptors, etc., having the diploma or the academy certificate.

The manifesto [64] in all empire had been entered on April, 10th, 1832 new estate of the honourable citizens sharing, as well as noblemen, on hereditary and personal. In

Number of hereditary honourable citizens children of personal noblemen, children of the persons who have received a rank of the hereditary honourable citizen, i.e. born in this condition, the merchants welcomed by ranks of commerce and manufactories-advisers, the merchants awarded (after 1826) have entered One of the Russian awards, and also the merchants who have stayed of 10 years in 1st guild or 20 years in 2nd and not running into bankruptcy. About reception of personal honourable citizenship the persons who have ended the Russian universities, the artists of the free conditions who ended Academy of arts or have received the diploma on a rank of the artist of Academy, foreign scientists, artists, and also trading capitalists and owners of considerable manufactory and factory institutions could ask, at least they and were not the Russian citizens. Hereditary honourable citizenship could complain "on differences in sciences" to the persons already having personal honourable citizenship, the persons having scientific degrees of the doctor or the master, pupils of Academy of arts in 10 years after its termination "for differences in arts" and to the foreigners who accepted the Russian citizenship and have stayed in it of 10 years (if earlier they have received a rank of the personal honourable citizen).

The rank of the hereditary honourable citizen was inherited. The husband informed honourable citizenship to the wife if that belonged on a birth to one of the lowest estates, and the widow did not lose this rank with death of the husband.

The statement in hereditary honourable citizenship and delivery of reading and writing on it have been assigned to Geroldiju.

Honourable citizens used freedom from подушной taxes, from рекрутской duties, from постоя and corporal punishment. They had the right to participate in city elections and to be selected in public posts not below in what merchants of 1st and 2nd guilds are selected. Honourable citizens had the right to use this name in all certificates.

Honourable citizenship on court, in case of malicious bankruptcy was lost; some rights of honourable citizens were lost at record in craft цехи.

In 1833 it has been confirmed that honourable citizens do not join in the general census, and on each city it conducts special lists [65]. Further the circle of persons, having the right to honourable citizenship, was specified and extended.

In 1836 it has been established what ask about personal honourable citizenship the graduates of the universities who have received at the termination any scientific degree [66] can only. In 1839 the right to honourable citizenship has been given actors of imperial theatres (1st category, served certain term on a scene) [67]. The same year this right was (personally received by pupils of the higher commercial board in S.-Peterburge [68]. In 1844 the right of reception of honourable citizenship has been extended to employees of the Russian-American company (from the estates which do not have the rights to public service) [69]. In 1845 the right to hereditary honourable citizenship of the merchants who have received awards of St. Vladimir and St. Anna [70] has been confirmed. Since 1845 civil ranks with 14th on 10th class began to bring hereditary honourable citizenship. In 1848 the right of reception of honourable citizenship (personal) has been extended to graduates of Lazarevsky institute [71]. In 1849 doctors, pharmacists and veterinary surgeons have been ranked as honourable citizens [72]. Same year the right to personal honourable citizenship has been given graduates of grammar schools to children of personal honourable citizens, merchants and petty bourgeoises [73]. In 1849 personal honourable citizens had an opportunity to enlist on the rights вольноопределяющихся [74]. In 1850 the right to rewarding by a rank of the personal honourable citizen was received by the Jews consisting under special commissions at governor generals in line of settled way of life ("scientific Jews at governors") [75]. Further the rights of hereditary honourable citizens to receipt in public service have been specified, and also the circle of the educational institutions which termination granted the right to personal honourable citizenship is expanded. In 1862 the right to honourable citizenship was received by technologists of 1st category and the process engineers who have ended the S.-Petersburg institute of technology [76]. In 1865 It has been established that henceforth in hereditary honourable citizenship merchants of 1st guild are erected after stay in it "in succession" not less than 20 years [77]. In 1866 the right to reception of hereditary honourable citizenship has been given the merchants of 1st and 2nd guilds who have bought manors in the Western provinces by not less 15 thousand of rbl.

Representatives of a top of townspeople and ecclesiastics of some people and districts of Russia also have been ranked as honourable citizenship: тифлисские первостатейные мокалаки [78], inhabitants of cities of Anapa, Novorossisk, Poti, Petrovska and Suhuma, on heads representation for special merits [79], зайсанги from

Kalmyks of the Astrakhan and Stavropol provinces, not having ranks and owning hereditary аймаками (the hereditary honourable citizenship, not having received personal) [80], караимы, 12 years occupying not less spiritual posts гахамов (потомственно), газзанов and шамасей (personally) [81], etc.

As a result on the beginning of XX century to hereditary honourable citizens on a birth children of personal noblemen, subaltern officers, officials and the ecclesiastics welcomed by awards of St. Stanislav and St. belonged Annas (except 1 degrees), children of clerics of orthodox and Armenian-Gregorian confession, children church причетников (sextons, sextons and psalm readers), ended a course in theological seminaries and academies both the scientific degrees which have received there and ranks, children of Protestant preachers, children of the persons executing беспорочно within 20 years a post of Transcaucasian sheikh-ul-Islam or the Transcaucasian mufti, калмыкские зайсанги, not having ranks and owning hereditary аймаками, and, certainly, children of hereditary honourable citizens, and to personal honourable citizens on a birth belonged adopted by noblemen and hereditary honourable citizens, widows church причетников orthodox and Armenian-Gregorian confessions, children of the higher Transcaucasian Muslim clergy if their parents executed беспорочно service within 2 years, зайсанги from Kalmyks of the Astrakhan and Stavropol provinces, not having neither ranks, nor hereditary аймаков.

Personal honourable citizenship could be asked for 10 years of useful activity, and after stay within 10 years in personal honourable citizenship for the same activity could be asked and hereditary honourable citizenship.

Hereditary honourable citizenship was appropriated ended some educational institutions, commerce and manufactories-advisers, to the merchants who have received one of the Russian awards, merchants of 1st guild of 20 years which have stayed in it not less, actors of imperial theatres of 1st category, 15 years which have served not less, to the conductors of the fleet who has served not less of 20 years, караимским гахамам, stayed in a post not less than 12 years. Personal honourable citizenship, except already mentioned persons, received arriving in civil service by manufacture in a rank of 14th class, ended a course in some educational institutions, dismissed of civil service with a rank of 14th class and received at resignation from military service the ober-officer rank, operating rural craft workshops and masters of these institutions after service, accordingly, 5 and 10 years, managing directors, masters and teachers of technical and craft educational workshops of the Ministry of Trade and the industries which have served 10 years, masters and masters-technicians of the lowest craft schools of the Ministry of the national education, also 10 years which have served not less, actors of imperial theatres of 1st category, the served 10 years on a scene, the conductors of the fleet who has served 10 years, the persons having судоводительские ranks and profloating not less of 5 years, the ship mechanics profloating of 5 years, honourable observers of Jewish educational institutions, Taking up this post not less than 15 years, "scientific Jews at governors" for special merits after service not less than 15 years, the masters of the imperial Peterhof lapidary factory who have served not less of 10 years and some other categories of persons.

If honourable citizenship belonged to the given person by the right of a birth, it did not demand special acknowledgement if the Department decision герольдии the Senate and the reading and writing from the Senate [82] was appropriated, required .

The accessory to honourable citizens could be combined with stay in other estates - merchant class and clergy - and did not depend on a kind of activity (till 1891 only occurrence in some цехи deprived of the honourable citizen of some advantages of its rank).

The corporate organisation of honourable citizens was absent.

 

4.9. The Cossacks.

The Cossacks in the Russian empire were special military estate (more precisely class group) standing private residence from other. At the heart of the class rights and duties of Cossacks the principle of corporate possession of the army earths and freedom from duties under condition of obligatory military service lay. The class organisation of the Cossacks coincided with the military. At elective local government Cossacks submitted to wax atamans (army наказным or наказным) which had the rights of the commander of military district or the governor general. Since 1827 the successor of a throne was considered as the Supreme ataman of all Cossack armies.

To нач. XX century in Russia there were 11 Cossack armies, and also the Cossack settlements in 2 provinces.

At the ataman the army staff operated, on places management was carried out by atamans of departments (on Don - district), in villages - selected станичными descents станичные atamans.

The accessory to the Cossack estate was hereditary though formally record in the Cossack armies for persons of other estates was not excluded.

At service Cossacks could reach ranks and nobility awards. In this case the accessory to nobility was combined with an accessory to the Cossacks.